2024年4月3日发(作者:wifi管理软件)
morpheme词素
freemorpheme自由词素
(用法usealoneassimpleword简单词
充当root词根+affix词缀(为derivational
affix)=derivative派生词
freemorpheme+otherfreemorpheme=
compoundword复合词)
boundmorpheme粘附词素
(分类=词缀affix+组合形式combining
form)
(①用法inflectionalaffix屈折词缀;
derivationalaffix派生词缀(prefix前缀suffix
后缀)+root=derivative②充当root即
boundroot粘附词根+affix=primitive
derivative原始派生词;+word=compound
word;+combiningform=neo-classical
compound新古典复合词)
Δallomorph词素变体
word单词
(构词法simpleword、derivation、compound
word(compound
noun/adjective/verb/adverb/pronoun/conjun
ction连词/preposition介词)
(语法功能closedclass封闭词类→function
word功能词(preposition、pronoun、
determiner限定词、conjunction、auxiliary
助动词)、openclass开放词类→contentword
实义词(noun、adjective、adverb、mainverb
主动词、cardinalnumeral基数词、ordinal
numeral序数词)
interjection感叹词介于两者之间
transitionalword过渡词
phrase词组(head或headword中心词)
noun/adjective/adverb/verb/prepositional
phrase
clause分句
independentclause独立分句
dependent/subordinateclause从属分句(从
句)
mainclause主句
simpleclause简单分句
simplesentence简单句
complexclause复杂分句
complexsentence复杂句
finiteclause限定分句
non-finiteclause非限定分句(infinitiveclause
不定式分句、-ingparticipleclause-ing分词
分句、-edparticipleclause-ed分词分句)
verblessclause无动词分句
nominalclause名词性分句
clauseelement分句成分(centralelement中
心成分→subject、predicateverb/predicator
谓语动词、object、complement(subject
complement+objectcomplement)、
adverbial(adjunct/depictiveadverbial))
peripheralelement外围成分→stance
adverbial/disjunct评注性状语、linking
adverbial/conjunct连接性状
语……parenthesis插入语)
basicclausetype分句基本类型
subject主语predicate谓语double
predicate双重谓语complementation补足
成分
Δnotionalsubject实义主语(realsubject真
主语)logicalsubject逻辑主语
sentence句子
fullsentence完全句(simplesentence、
compoundsentence并列句、complex
sentence、compound-complexsentence并列
复杂句)
minorsentence不完全句
主谓一致(主-动-致subject-verbconcord)
concord/agreement一致
grammaticalconcord语法一致
notionalconcord意义一致
principleofproximity就近原则
coordinatesubject并列结构做主语
nounphraseofamountorquantity表示数量
概念的名词词组
noun→nounphrase→complexnounphrase
词汇意义propernoun专有名词、common
noun(individualnoun、collectivenoun、mass
noun/materialnoun、abstractnoun)
语法特征count/countablenoun、
non-count/uncountablenoun
number数→语法范畴
singularnumber单数
pluralnumber复数(regularplural、irregular
plural)
partitive单位词(unitnoun单位名词)
case格→语法术语
nominativecase主格、genitive/possessive
case属格/所有格、dativecase与格、
accusationcase宾格→oldEnglish古英语
genitive/possessivecase、commoncase通格
→modernEnglish现代英语
independentgenitive独立属格
doublegenitive双重属格
determiner
referentialmeaning所指意义→specific
reference特指、genericreference类指
definitequantity确定数量indefinite
quantity非确定数量
分类:predeterminer前位限定词、central
determiner、postdeterminer
article冠词definitearticle定冠
词indefinitearticle不定冠词zeroarticle
零冠词
definitespecificreference确定特指
(anaphoricspecificreference后照应特指、
cataphoricspecificreference前照应特指、
situationalreference语境特指)
indefinitespecificreference非确定特指
adjective形容词(openclass)
词的构成→one-wordadjective单词形容词、
compoundadjective复合形容词
句法功能→centraladjective中心形容词、
peripheraladjective外围形容词
词汇意义→dynamicadjective动态形容词、
stativeadjective静态形容词
词汇意义→gradableadjective等级形容词、
non-gradableadjective非等级形容词
modifier修饰语premodifier前置修饰
语postmodifier后置修饰语
subjectcomplement、objectcomplement
Δcausativeconstruction使役结构
adverb→adverbphrase
词的构成→simpleadverb简单副词、
derivativeadverb派生副词
词汇意义→adverbofmannar方式副词、
adverbofdegree程度副词、adverbof
frequency频度副词、adverboftime时间副
词、conjunctiveadverb连接副词(the
head/headwordoftheverbphrasewhen
usedasalinkingadverbial/conjunct)
usage①modifier②adverbial
(adjunct/depictiveadverbial修饰性状语、
disjunct/stanceadverbial评注性状语、
conjunct/linkingadverbial连接性状语)
比较等级和比较结构
比较等级:当adjective和adverb用于比较
结构时采取的特殊的语法形式
比较结构:形容词和副词比较等级用于句子
当中便形成了比较结构
gradable可等级的
positive/absolutedegree原级
comparativedegree比较级
superlativedegree最高级
comparativedegreeandsuperlativedegree
bothhavetwoforms→regularformand
irregularform
regularformhastwoexpressions①synthetic
form综合形式(addsuffixes-eror-esttothe
positive/absolutedegree)②analyticform分
析形式(addmoreormostbefore
positive/absolutedegree)
comparativeconstruction比较结构
gradablenoun可等级名词
Δnucleus调核
代词pronoun(closedclass封闭词类)
personalpronoun人称代词(person人称形
式→first/second/third第一/二/三人称)
possessivepronoun物主代词=genitive
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