2024年3月15日发(作者：最近的2019中文字幕国语完整版)

Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies

Stuart S. Rosenthal

Department of Economics

and Center for Policy Research,

Syracuse University,

Syracuse, NY 13244-1020, USA

Phone: 315-443-3809; Email: ssrosent@

Web: /faculty/rosenthal/

and

William C. Strange

RIOCAN Real Estate Investment Trust Professor of Real Estate and Urban Economics

Rotman School of Management

105 St. George St.

University of Toronto

Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada

Phone: (416) 978-1949; Email: wstrange@

Web: /~wstrange/

Prepared for the Handbook of Urban And Regional Economics, Volume 4

November 4, 2002

Revised: August 24, 2003

*We are grateful to Gilles Duranton, Vernon Henderson, Jacques Thisse and the participants of

a presentation at the North American Regional Science Association Meetings in November,

2002. Any errors are ours alone. We are also grateful for the financial support of the National

Institute of Aging, the Connaught Fund at the University of Toronto, and the Social Sciences and

Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Abstract

This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing

returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that

has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three

different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic

agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies

attenuate with distance.

Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external

economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920):

labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the

presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage,

home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to

agglomeration.

JEL Codes: R0 (Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: General), O4 (Economic Growth and

Aggregate Productivity), D2 (Production and Organizations), C1 (Econometric and Statistical

Methods: General)

Keywords: agglomeration economies, productivity, external economies, microfoundations,

urban growth