2024年3月11日发(作者：老电脑用win7还是win8)

1. Communication 交流

Some general Points 大体上一些事项

The success of a presentation- however measured - will always depend on two factors: The factual content (here we discuss only scientific, not

political or sociological presentations, so we assume there is content) .The packaging.

无论怎样衡量，一次演讲是否成功，总是取决于两个因素：实际内容（这里我们只讨论科技性演讲而不是政治性或社会性演讲，所以

我们假设有实际内容）。包装。

Both factors are equally important in a first approximation! Remember: Success = Content • Acceptance and that means that for acceptance = 0,

success will be = 0, too - even if you talk about the work that will get you the Noble prize.

这两个因素近似的同等重要。记住，成功=内容*赞同，这意味着如果赞同=0，那么成功=0。即使你在谈论的研究能让你获得诺贝尔奖。

Now, as far as content goes, try to recall some presentations that you heard and found good. Most likely two conditions were met: You

understood what was being said. Even if you got lost on occasion, you always could follow the red line of the presentation. You were not put off

by the packaging - you sort of liked the speaker. The way he/she presented the stuff kept you willing to continue listening.

就内容而言，尝试回想一些你听过的觉得不错的演讲。很可能会遇见两点情况：你能理解所说的，即使有时迷惑，但总是能跟上演讲

标出的红线。没有因为包装让你反感，某种程度上喜欢演讲者，他/她呈现内容的方式让你愿意继续听下去。

The question is, how do you make sure that your audience feels that way about your presentation? If you are not a fascinating person by

definition (e.g. a Noble Prize Winner, or Brittney Spears teaching semiconductor physics), you have to appeal to your audience on a factual and

emotional level. Since scientific presentation are supposed to be unemotional in the conventional sense of the word, your emotional impact

must come from the way you speak, you move, you look at your audience, you formulate your sentences, and so on.

问题是，你如何确保你的演讲能让听众产生这样的感觉？如果你不是一般意义上迷人的人（例如诺贝尔奖得主或者布兰妮去教半导体

物理），那你需要以一个事实的、情绪的层面出现在观众面前。由于科技型演讲在传统观念中被认为是毫无感情色彩的，你的情绪的影

响须通过你的演讲的方式，动作，看观众的眼神，明确的表达句子等方式体现。

The recipient of your presentation has a completely free choice of what aspects he/she emphasizes for himself/herself. If there are many

recipients, changes are that they will walk away and they all have heard quite different things if you ask them about the presentation a few

days later. The message received by each individual differs from that of his neighbour, and all receptions may differ from what was sent, or from

what you think you sent.

你的演讲的接受者对于自身着重哪一方面有着完全自由的选择。如果有很多接受者，不同点在于，他们会走开，如果你在演讲后的几

天问他们就会发现他们都听到了很不同的内容。每个人接受的信息与他的邻座都不相同。并且所有接受到的信息与传达出的信息都不

同，或者说，与你认为你所传达出的信息不同。

There is nothing you can do about this - except to make sure that on top of varying memories they all (or at least most of them) have the same

recollection of just a few essentials. And if you rack your own memory of some presentation you heard in the past, your recollection will always

be along two totally separate lines

关于这点你做不了任何改变，除非确保在他们（或他们中的绝大多数）不同记忆的顶点有一些关于少数要点的回忆。如果搜刮自己关

于以前听过的演讲的回忆，你的回忆总会完全顺着两条线索：

You may remember something about the topic:("...it had something to do with ")

你可能会记起一些关于主题的东西：（它与硅芯片有关…）

You remember something about the presentation:("...he made a lot ", "..he was barely understandable..", ."... he forgot to remove his

bicycle clips from ", "...I forgot what it was all about, but it was very interesting", "... was that the talk where everybody fell asleep?".

你记起一些关于演讲的：（他开了很多玩笑，几乎不能理解他，他忘了从裤子上取走裤腿夹，我完全不记得说了什么但是演讲很有趣，

是那个大家都睡着了的演讲么？）

Try it! If you can remember any presentation without remembering something on this "emotional" level, you are actually dead and were

replaced by an alien robot!

尝试这样做，如果你能记得任何演讲，而不需要借助在感性层面上回忆一些细节，那只能说你实际上已经死去被外星机器取代了。

Noise in Communication 交流中的嘈杂声

As you (should) know from communication theory, any communication channel may be disturbed by noise or other aberrations（偏差）. Now,

you are sending on two channels simultaneously（同时地） - the factual one and the emotional one. And face it: Even if the factual channel is

noise-free, noise on the emotional channel influences the reception on the factual channel - there is heavy cross-talk!

正如你所知道（或应该知道）的，基于交流理论，任何交流通道都可能受噪声或其他的偏差干扰。现在，你在两条通道上同时发送信

息，传递事实的通道和展现情绪的通道。并且要面对这样的事实，即使事实通道没有噪音干扰，情绪通道上的噪音会影响事实通道上

的接受—这里有严重的交叉干扰。

Lets look at some of the reasons for noise: Incongruent signals:Factual and emotional (or spoken and unspoken) messages differ. A trivial

example: If you discuss equation X, but point at equation Y, your audience gets confused.

来看一些噪声产生的原因：不一致的信号：事实的和情绪的（或者口头的和不言而喻的）信息差异。一个小例子：如果你讨论方程X，

但是指向方程Y，你的观众就会觉得困惑。

Unfavourable relations to audience:Being factually correct may be emotionally wrong. Saying repeatedly ..."as you all should know from High

" may be factually correct, but the people will start to hate you after the third time and won't develop a positive attitude towards your

message.

对观众不利的联系：在事实上正确但在情感上错误。反复说“正如你们应该从高中就知道的…”，可能在事实上是正确的，但是重复在三

遍之后，人们会开始厌恶你，并且不会对你的信息显露出积极的态度。

Being hard to follow:This can happen in quite different ways. If you say "as is immediately apparent, the solution to this (incredibly long and

complex) differential equation is c = ", you lose your audience (it is either insulted or thinks about why something is immediately apparent that

is not), but you also loose it if you start solving your equation for a long time (the audience meanwhile forgets what the solution is good for).

让人很难跟上进程：这有可能发生于很多不同情况。如果你说“很显然，这个微分方程（非常长且复杂）的结果是c=…”，那就会失掉

你得观众（要么觉得你无礼要么要去想为什么这些是很显然的），但如果长时间的去解方程，也会失去观众的关注（在这期间，观众会

忘了解决方案本身的有益之处）

Biased Recipients

They shouldn't exist in science, but then, most of us are human. If you to explain to Prof. X and his crew, why their pet theory is all wrong, your

audience will be biased and receive what you say heavily filtered. The same thing happens, just with signs reversed, if your stuff supports his

pet theory. Students have accused their Professor (me) of being against alternative energies, because he pointed out that there are only so

much kWh that you may get from any solar cell in this solar system. The message received was completely different from what was sent

because a bias developed early in the presentation.

有偏见的接受者们

他们在科学上不应该存在，但是，我们都是人类。如果你向X教授和他的同事们解释，为什么他们偏爱的理论都是错的，你的观众会

心存偏见，你说的内容他们会经过密集的过滤才被接受。如果你的员工观众他偏爱的理论，那么情况颠倒，同样的事也会发生。学生

会指责他们的教授（我）反对替代能源。因为他指出，在太阳系中，只有这么多功率能从太阳能电池中获得。因为演讲中偏见很早就

显露出来，观众接受的信息和传递出的已经完全不同了。

Blocking

In the extreme form of the above issue, the recipient will simply no longer listen or turn everything around.

阻塞

在上述问题的极端情形下，接受者完全不会听取周围一切。