2023年6月28日发(作者：)
1.
什么是Web服务，Web站点包含哪些内容
Web也称WWW（World Wide Web），是一个抽象的（假想的）信息空间。作为Internet上的一种应用架构，Web的首要任务就是向人们提供信息和信息服务，是Internet上最主要的服务模式。从技术层面看，Web架构的精髓有三点：
① 用超文本技术（HTML）实现组织信息与描述信息。
② 用统一资源定位技术（URL或URI）实现全球信息的精确定位；
③ 通过专用的应用层协议（HTTP协议）实现分布式信息的共享。
Web站点是Internet中提供信息服务的机构，在组织方面，这些机构的计算机连接到Internet中，向用户提供Web服务。 从技术上，一个Web站点是由一个主目录和主目录下的文件夹和大量的网页文件构成的，这些网页文件通过超链接连接在一起，形成特定的应用逻辑，构成一个特定的Web应用。 此外，网站又成为Web应用（Web Application），基于B/S架构的计算机软件。
2.
Web的工作原理
（1）在浏览器地址栏中，用户输入要访问的网页网址URL
（2）Web服务器根据URL中指定的网址、路径和网页文件，调出相应的HTML、XML文档或Jsp、Asp文件
（3）根据文档类型，Web服务器决定是否执行文档中的服务器脚本程序，还是直接将网页文件传送到客户端。
（4）当客户端的请求需要访问数据库时，由Web服务器连接数据库服务器、向数据库服务器发出数据访问请求、获得访问的结果、将结果整理成网页发送到客户端。
3.
Web服务器的功能是什么。 所谓Web服务器，就是将本地的信息用超级文本组织，向用户提供在Internet上进行信息浏览服务的计算机。因此，Web或者说World Wide Web，是由Internet中称为Web信息服务器的计算机组成的，它们由那些希望通过Internet发布信息的机构提供并管理。在Web世界里，每一个Web服务器除了提供自己独特的信息服务外，还可以用超链接指向其他的Web服务器。那些Web服务器又可以指向更多的Web服务器，这样一个全球范围的由Web服务器组成的World
Wide Web（万维网）就形成了
4.
什么是浏览器，它的主要功能是什么。
浏览器（Browser）就是web 客户端程序，用户要浏览web页面必须从本地计算机安装浏览器软件。通过在浏览器地址中输入URL资源地址，将web服务器中特定的网页文件下载到客户端计算机中，并在浏览器打开。产品包括IE，火狐，遨游等。从本质上讲，浏览器是一种特定格式（HTML，XML）的文档阅读器，它能够根据网页内容，对网页中的各种标记进行解释显示。 此外，浏览器又是一种程序解释机，如果网页中包含客户端脚本程序，浏览器将执行这些客户端脚本代码，从而增强网页的交互性和动态效果。不同版本的浏览器都需要遵循HTML规范中定义的标记集，同时为便于脚本编程，每个浏览器程序本身也提供了相应的浏览器内置对象，类似于传统软件开发中的函数库及其标准库函数。
5.
从技术上来讲，Web站点的基本构成有哪些。
从技术上，一个Web站点是由一个主目录和主目录下的文件夹和大量的网页文件构成的，这些网页文件通过超链接连接在一起，形成特定的应用逻辑，构成一个特定的Web应用。
6.
什么是超文本，它与普通文本有什么不同。
超文本是一种文本显示与连接技术，可以对文本中的有关词汇或句子建立链接（即超链接），使其指向其他段落、文本或链接到其他文档。通过超链接，可以在文档之间、文档内部之间跳转，这种文本的组织方式与人们的思维方式和工作方式比较接近。 两者信息组织方式和阅读方式不同。在普通的文本中，内容的组织是“线性”的，而在超文本中，内容的组织则是“非线性”的，不同内容之间的关系是网络化的关系，因此，超文本的阅读方式则不一定按顺序进行，而是可以根据自己的需要和兴趣在不同的内容、不同文档之间跳转。
7.
主页和首页有什么不同。
主页是客户端浏览器打开时的默认网页，是用户在浏览器中看到的第一个web页。首页中往往列出了网站的信息目录，或指向其他站点的超链接，是一个网站的入口。首页是网站的默认文档，当用户访问一个网站，而没有指定要访问的文档名时，网站自动向客户端发送的超文本文档。
8.
什么是URL，URL有哪几部分构成。
URL是统一资源定位器，一般形式为信息资源类型：//网址：端口号/文件路径/文件名？参数表，由资源类型，位置，路径，文件名四部分构成。
9.
什么C/S模式，什么是B/S模式。
C/S（客户/服务器计算模式）模式是一种典型的两层计算模式，它将应用一分为二；前提是客户机，一般使用微型计算机，几乎所有的应用逻辑都在客户端进行和表达，客户完成与用户的交互任务，具有强壮的数据操纵和事务处理能力。后端是服务器，可以使用各种类型的主机，服务器负责数据管理，提供数据库的查询和管理、大规模的计算等服务
B/S（浏览器/服务器计算模式）是一种基于Web的协同计算，是一种三层架构瘦客户机/服务器计算模式。第一层为客户端表示层，三层架构中的客户层只保留一个Web浏览器，不存放任何应用程序，其运行代码可以从位于第二层的Web服务器下载到本地的浏览器中执行，几乎不需要任何管理工作，是一种“瘦”客户机。第二层是应用服务器层，由一或多台Web服务器组成，处理应用中的所有业务逻辑，对数据库的访问等工作。该层具有良好的可扩充性，程序的部署和管理主要在Web服务器上进行，相对于C/S而言无论是工作的复杂性还是工作量都会大大减少。第三层是数据中心层，安装数据库服务器，负责整个应用中的数据管理。
10.
什么是B/S三层架构，简述其基本工作原理。
第一层为客户端表示层，三层架构中的客户层只保留一个Web浏览器，
不存放任何应用程序，其运行代码可以从位于第二层的Web服务器下载到本地的浏览器中执行，几乎不需要任何管理工作，是一种“瘦”客户机。第二层是应用服务器层，由一或多台Web服务器组成，处理应用中的所有业务逻辑，对数据库的访问等工作。该层具有良好的可扩充性，程序的部署和管理主要在Web服务器上进行，相对于C/S而言无论是工作的复杂性还是工作量都会大大减少。第三层是数据中心层，安装数据库服务器，负责整个应用中的数据管理。
工作原理：在浏览器地址栏中，用户输入要访问的网页网址URL，向Web服务器提出HTTP请求。Web服务器根据URL中指定的网址、路径和网页文件，调出相应的HTML、XML文档或Jsp、Asp文件，根据文档的类型，Web服务器决定是否执行文档中的脚本程序，还是直接将网页文件传送到客户端。当客户端的请求需要访问数据库时，由Web服务器连接数据库服务器、向数据库服务器发出数据访问请求、获得访问的结果、将结果整理成网页发送到客户端。
（重点注意：Web服务对数据库服务器的连接与访问。否则不能解释三层架构。）
1、 Web技术基础（2）
11.
网络操作系统与桌面操作系统的主要区别有哪些。
主要区别：（1）、网络操作系统增加了网络管理功能，比如：网络用户管理，网络计算机管理，网络资源管理等。（2）、网络操作系统可以提供网络服务，比如：电子邮件服务，远程登录服务等。
12.
架设一个Web服务器需要安装哪些系统软件。 （1）、网络操作系统（2）、相应的Web服务器组件，比如Windows操作系统的IIS
13.
Web服务组件是什么软件。
Web服务组件本质上就是一个网站或Web应用的运行环境，它主要提供Web服务的管理以及管理整个网站的运行，必要时，也可以执行一些服务端技术。
14.
什么是IIS。IIS默认的服务端技术是什么。
（1）、IIS是指Internet 信息服务（Internet Information Server,IIS）,是一组Windows操作系统组件，此组件可以使公司很方便地创建自己的Web服务器、FTP服务器、Email服务器和NNTP服务器，从而将信息和业务应用程序发布到Web中。
（2）、IIS默认的服务端技术是ASP技术。
15.
IIS有包含哪些内部组件。
（1）、Internet服务管理器（2）、Internet服务管理器（HTML）（3）、NNTP Servic（4）、SMTP Service（5）、World Wide Web 服务（6）、文档传输协议FTP服务器
16.
在IIS中创建一个新Web站点需要做哪几步工作。
（1）、确认网站的标识（2）、确认网站的域名及端口号
（3）确定网站的主目录；（4）确定网站 主目录的读写权限。
17.
在IIS中如何修改和设置网站的主目录和首页。
（1）、主目录是一个网站的根，包含网站中的所有信息，是网站访问的起点。可在网站属性对话框中，单击“主目录”选项卡，对其进行修改和设置（2）、可在网站属性对话框中，单击“默认文档”选项卡，对首页进行修改和设置。
18.
怎样访问本地机上的网站。
有两种方式：（1）、通过IP地址，比如：127.0.0.1（2）、通过专门的域名（localhost） 第二章 标记语言与网页制作（1）
19.
什么是HTML，它在Web服务中的作用。
（1）、HTML是Web技术中的一个重要标准。是一个信息格式描述语言。是一种用来制作超文本文档的简单标记语言，它定义了一组标记符号（Tag）,对文件的内容进行标注，指出内容的输出格式，如字体大小、颜色、背景颜色、表格形式、各部分之间逻辑上的组织等，从而实现了文件格式的标准化。简单地说，HTML文件包含了文档数据和显示样式两部分，其中文档数据是显示在Web浏览器中的数据内容，显示样式则规定了这些内容在浏览器中以何种格式、样子呈现给用户。
（2）、作用（功能）：通过HTML来描述信息和信息的显示格式（页面格式、数据格式、表格等）
20.
HTML文档的特点，HTML文档的结构。
特点（1）纯文本文档；
（2）通过浏览器阅读信息；
（3）使用HTML或XML语言描述信息、信息的组织结构和信息的显示格式。
（4）可以通过“超级链接”完成信息结点之间的快速跳转。
结构
HTML文档以标记开始，以标记结束,中间包含文件头和文件体两个部分。如下：
头部信息 此为文件头
文档主体（语句部分） 此为文件体
21.
标记的属性起什么作用，属性的分类及定义。
属性是标记对象的重要内容，其作用是用来描述标记的相关特性及取值。
分类：
一般属性，用于页面的一般性设置；
事件属性，见下题。 22.
什么是事件属性，事件属性的值是什么。举例几个常用的事件属性。
所谓“事件”是指发生在某个对象身上的某些事情。如单击事件、双击事件、移动事件等等。当一个标记设置了事件属性之后，在网页显示后，如果该对象上发生了这个事件，则会自动触发事件处理程序的执行。这个“事件处理程序”就是标记中给定的事件属性的取值，一般是一段JavaScript程序代码或是一个JavaScript函数。
onLoad 页面下载完成时触发
onUnLoad 退出页面时触发
onClick 鼠标单击时触发
onDblClick 鼠标双击时触发
23.
颜色属性的取值方法
（1）直接用颜色名，如red，green；
（2）用6位十六进制数表示，如红色#FF0000，绿色#FFFF00；
（3）用RGB函数表示，RGB（，，），如RGB（255，0，0）为红色。
24.
、
常用的标记及其属性：
、<body>、<font>、<p>、<h1>-<h6>、</p><p>、<b>、<i>、<u>、<img>、<title>用于表示网页主题，内容显示在浏览器窗口的标题栏中。<body>内容显示在浏览器中 </p><p><font>字体标记，属性有face,size,color，设置字体，字体大小和颜色。 </p><p><p>段落标记。 </p><p><h1>-<h6>标题标记，一级到六级，字体逐渐变小。 </p><p></p><p>换行标记。 </p><p><b>粗体标记 <i>斜体标记 </p><p><u>下划线标记 </p><p><img>图像标记，常用属性有align(对齐方式)，src(图像地址)，title（图像标题），border（图像边框），height（图像高度），width（图像宽度）。 </p><p><a>超链接标记。属性有name，href，target等。 </p><p>25. </p><p>表格的设置方法，标记<table>、<tr>、<td>及其属性，单元格的合并方法。 </p><p>建立一个如右图所示的表格： </p><p>1 </p><p><table> </p><p>2 </p><p><tr> </p><p><td>1</td> </p><p><td>2</td> </p><p></tr> </p><p></table> </p><p><table>标记，属性align, width, height, border, cellspacing, cellpadding, bgcolor，background等。 </p><p><tr>标记，属性align(水平对齐);valign(垂直对齐);height(行高) </p><p><td>标记，属性width(单元格宽度);colspan; rowspan; nowrap(禁止自动换行) </p><p>单元格合并方法：rowspan 向下合并；colspan 向右合并 </p><p>26. </p><p>什么是表单，表单的定义方法。<form>的属性。 </p><p>表单是在WEB网页中用来给访问者填写信息，从而使WEB服务器能获得用户信息，使网页具有交互能力的界面。 </p><p>用表单标记<form>定义。 <form>属性： </p><p>method属性，定义服务器端表单处理程序从表单中获得方式，有post和get两种方式。 </p><p>action属性，设置表单处理程序的网络路径和程序名。 </p><p>Name属性，给出表单的名称。 </p><p>27. </p><p>什么是表单控件，定义表单控件有哪几个标记。 </p><p>表单控件是在图形用户界面(GUI)中屏幕上的一种对象，用户可操作该对象来执行对表单设计,修改等操作。 </p><p>输入类型标记input </p><p>列表框select/option标记 </p><p>多行文本框textarea标记 </p><p>28. </p><p><input>可以定义哪些控件，它的type属性起什么作用。 </p><p><input>标记可定义单行文本框text，密码文本框password，button按钮控件，radio单选钮控件，复选框控件checkbox，image按钮控件，hidden隐藏控件，文件上传按钮file，表单提交按钮submit，充填按钮reset。 </p><p>type属性用于控制输入控件的类型，是什么控件。 </p><p>29. </p><p>什么是CSS样式，在HTML文档中使用CSS的好处有哪些。 </p><p>CSS样式，又称层“叠样式表单”。是用于（增强）控制网页样式并允许将样式信息与网页内容分离的一种标记性语言。 </p><p>好处 </p><p>（1）实现网页信息格式的精确描述 </p><p>（2）减少重复代码 </p><p>（3）简便，易学 （4）信息显示格式的描述方式简单多样 </p><p>（5）统一网页风格与格式 </p><p>（6）便于信息显示格式的更改 </p><p>（7）便于网页制作过程的多人协作 </p><p>30-34题：书72-74页、百度 </p><p>30. </p><p>什么是内联样式、嵌入样式和外部样式，三者之间有什么不同。 </p><p>内联样式：利用style属性修改标记的默认样式，从而实现标记按照特定的形式显示。 </p><p>嵌入样式：在文档的头部使用<style>......</style>标记对对HTML标记的默认显示样式进行重新定义。 </p><p>外部样式：将样式定义存储在一个扩展名为.css的样式文件中，当某个网页需要使用其中的样式时，在文档中的<head>...</head>中增加<link>标记。 </p><p>区别：内联样式可以改变标记的默认显示样式，如果需要多个标记使用同样的样式显示时，就需要为每一个标记添加style属性；嵌入样式中，<style>标记对放置在文档的<head>...</head>内，只对样式所在网页有效；而如果要将样式应用到其他HTML文档中，就应该使用外部样式表(.css文件）。 </p><p>31. </p><p><style>标记与style属性有什么不同。 </p><p><style>标记应用在嵌入样式中，可以定义文档中所有标记的样式；style属性应用在内联样式中使用，可以改变所在标记的默认显示样式。 </p><p>32. </p><p>方法： </p><p>定义样式表有哪几种方法，引用样式用什么属性。 </p><p>①标记名{css属性列表} </p><p>②标记名.样式名{css属性列表} ③.样式名{css属性列表} </p><p>④#Id标识名{css属性列表} </p><p>⑤标记名#Id标识名{css属性列表} </p><p>引用样式需要用到id属性或class属性。 </p><p>33. </p><p>在外部CSS样式的应用中<link>标记的作用。 </p><p>通过在文档的<head>...</head>中增加<link>标记，一个外部的样式表可以通过HTML的LINK元素连接到HTML文档中，格式如下： </p><p><link type=“text/css” rel=“stylesheet”href=“*.css”> </p><p>34. </p><p>常用的CSS属性。 </p><p>常用的CSS属性有： </p><p>字体属性（font-family、font-style、font-variant等） </p><p>背景属性（background-color、background-image、background-repeat等） </p><p>容器属性，包括： </p><p>边距（margin-top、margin-right等） </p><p>填充距（padding-top、padding-right等) </p><p>边框（border-top-width、border-style、border-color等） </p><p>文本间距与文本对齐（word-spacing、vertical-align、text-indent等） </p><p>鼠标状态（cursor) </p><p>定位（position、left、top、clip、overflow、z-index、visibility等） </p><p>35. </p><p>图形与图像有什么不同，什么是图像分辨率。 图形与图像的不同：图形一般是指根据其几何特性来对齐进行描述的矢量图，包括使用实心或用有等级变化的色彩填充色块。它的特点是，文件量较小，描述的对象可以任意缩放而不会失真。从本质上讲，它是由数学的坐标和公式来描述的，但一般只能描述轮廓不是非常复杂，色彩不是很丰富的对象。图像则是指由许多点阵构成的点位图。在图像中，每个像素都被分配一个特定位置和颜色值。图像的质量与分辨率有关，在缩放及变换时会产生失真。但由于它能记录每个点的数据信息，可以精确地记录下色调丰富的图像，主要用来描述轮廓复杂和色彩非常丰富的对象。（104页） </p><p>图像分辨率：分辨率是指单位长度内所含有的像素点数。分为图像分辨率、显示器分辨率、打印机分辨率与位分辨率。（108页） </p><p>36. </p><p>什么是图像的颜色模式。RGB是如何描述图像像素的。灰度模式是如何描述图像像素的。 </p><p>颜色模式：在显示或打印图像时定义颜色的方式。颜色模式的基础是颜色模型，良好的颜色模型应能准确地描述和重现现实中的各种颜色。颜色模式主要包括RGB模式、CMYK模式、HSB模式、Lab模式、灰度模式等。（109页） </p><p>RGB模式常称为真彩色模式，它给每个像素的RGB分量分配一个从0（黑色）到255（白色）范围的强度值。当三分量的值相等时显示灰色；都为0时为纯黑色；都为255时显示纯白色。（109页） </p><p>灰度模式中，图像的每一个像素用0（黑色）到255（白色）的数值表示其亮度，即256级灰度。灰度也可以用黑色油墨覆盖的百分比表示，0%等于白色，100%表示黑色。将彩色图像转换成灰度图像时，会丢失所有的颜色信息。（110页） </p><p>37. </p><p>什么是互补色和中间色。 </p><p>如果两种色光混合后得到白色光，我们称这两种颜色为互补色，其中一种颜色称为另一种颜色的反色。从视觉上来说，互补色也是彼此差异最大的颜色。中间色是介于两个互补色之间的颜色。（110页） </p><p>38. </p><p>常用的图像文件格式。bmp、jpg、gif、psd、png。（107-108页） BMP格式：是Windows图形图像的基本位图格式，是专为Windows环境应用图像而设计的，Windows软件的图像资源多数以BMP格式存储。BMP支持黑白图像、16色和256色的伪彩色图像以及RGB真彩色图像。 </p><p>JPG格式：这种格式的最大特点是文件非常小，而且可以调整压缩比。支持灰度图像、RGB真彩色图像和CMYK真彩色图像。 </p><p>GIF格式：全称是“图形交换文件格式”，支持黑白图像及16色和256色的彩色图像。GIF格式的文件压缩比较高，文件长度较小，是目前网络上非常流行的图像文件格式。 </p><p>PSD格式：是图像处理软件Photoshop的专用格式。这种格式可以存储Photoshop中所有的图层，通道、参考线、注解和颜色模式等信息。由于PSD文件保留所有原图像数据信息，因而修改起来较为方便。（百度百科） </p><p>PNG格式：即“可移植网络图形格式”，是一种位图文件存储格式。它具有体积小、无损压缩、索引彩色模式、更优化的网络传输显示、支持透明效果等优点。 </p><p>39. </p><p>什么是选区，创建选区有哪几种方法 </p><p>选区是我们进行处理操作的界定区域，一旦选定选区，则很多有操作只在当前图层的当前选区有效，如果没有选定选区，则所进行的操作将针对整个图层。在 Photoshop中，选区用动态的虚线表示，俗称“蚂蚁线”。 </p><p>A.选框工具 </p><p>单击选框工具图标，选项工具栏中的四个图标分别表示：选择新选区，增加选择区（在原有选区的基础上增加新选区），减去选区（在原有选区的基础上减去新选区），重叠选区（新旧选区重叠部分） </p><p>B.套索工具 </p><p>套索工具可以自由手控的方式选择一些不规则形状的选区，有套索工具、多边形套索工具和磁性套索工具 </p><p>.套索工具：绘制不规则选区 </p><p>1)套索工具：绘制曲线选区。（适合为不规则的图形做选区） 按住鼠标左键拖拉即可。 </p><p>2)多边形套索工具：绘制直线边缘的选区。（适合为边缘为直线的图形做选区） </p><p>①使用：按住鼠标左键点击拖拉即可。 </p><p>②闭合：双击闭合选区。/蒋终点放到起点上 </p><p>③切换：按住alt键可从多边形套索工具切换为套索工具。 </p><p>3)磁性套索工具：以磁铁的方式紧贴图像边缘画闭合选区。 </p><p>（适合前景色与背景色对比较强的图形做选区）。 </p><p>C.魔棒工具 选取图像中色彩一致的区域。 </p><p>1）容差：颜色选取范围的大小。数值越大选择范围越大，反之，越小，所选颜色越接近。0-255.默认32 </p><p>2）连续的：选择与取样点相似且相邻的颜色。选择单一颜色范围 </p><p>3）消除锯齿，定义一个平滑边缘 </p><p>4）用于所有图层：选择所有图层中的颜色数据，否则只对当前图层起作用 </p><p>40. </p><p>什么是选区的羽化，怎样才能看到选区的羽化效果。 </p><p>所谓“羽化”，就是使我们选定范围的图边缘达到朦胧的效果，逐渐与其他图层的图像融合。 </p><p>1、将图片打开，在图片上设置选区 </p><p>2、选择菜单“选择”“修改”“羽化”，打开羽化选区对话框，输入羽化值，设置完成单击确定按钮 </p><p>3、复制选区到剪贴板 </p><p>4、创建一个新的图像文件，背景为白色 </p><p>5、将剪贴板上的选区粘贴到新文件的画布上，为羽化结果 41. </p><p>常用的图像修复工具有哪几个，它们的功能和用法。P120-122 </p><p>(1) 仿制图章工具。 </p><p>可以从图像中选取一复制点，将改点附近的图像复制到其他位置 </p><p>(2) 图案图章工具。 </p><p>(3) 污点修复画笔工具。 </p><p>(4) 修复画笔工具。 </p><p>(5) 修补工具。 </p><p>(6) 红眼工具。 </p><p>42. </p><p>仿制图章和修补画笔有什么不同。 </p><p>仿制图章工具是在图像中的某一部分进行定义点，然后将取样绘制到目标点。 </p><p>修复画笔工具和仿制图章工具的不同之处是：仿制图章工具是将定义点全部照搬，而修复画笔工具会加入目标点的纹理，阴影，光等因素。 </p><p>所以说在背景颜色、光线相接近时可用仿制图章工具。如果有差别可以用修复画笔。比如皮肤，用修复画笔可以很好地保持皮肤的纹理。 </p><p>图案图章工具：就是对定义好的图案进行填充。 </p><p>修补工具：修复画笔工具和仿制图章工具都是对点，而修补工具是用于大面积的修复 </p><p>第三章 图像处理技术（2） </p><p>43. </p><p>什么是路径，常用的路径编辑工具。 </p><p>路径是通过矢量绘图的方式绘制的线条，可以是直线或者曲线，这里的曲线为Bezier曲线。如图所示。一条路径是由“路径线”（直线或者曲线）连接一系列“锚点”而构成，锚点是路径线上起关键控制作用的节点。当选中锚点时，如果连接它的是曲线路径，则在该锚点上会出现“控制句柄”，拖动控制句柄可以改变曲线的曲率。 </p><p>路径编辑工具：P118 </p><p>形状工具组。包括矩形、直线、椭圆、多边形、自定义形状 </p><p>钢笔工具组 </p><p>选择工具组 </p><p>44. </p><p>如何调整图像的亮度、对比度和饱和度，如何得到反色图像、如何用“曲线”调整图像亮度。怎样裁剪图像。P.123 </p><p>“图像”菜单“调整”命令组 </p><p>“亮度/对比度” </p><p>“色相/饱和度” </p><p>“反相” </p><p>“曲线”命令：通过单鼠标单击在曲线上增加调节点，通过鼠标拖动改变曲线的形状。 </p><p>打开图片，选择裁剪工具，看好裁剪位置，定好位置后在图上双击鼠标，就自动裁剪了，如果想要标准的尺寸，可以先建一个文件，输入长宽尺寸后，在确定好分辨率后把照片拖曳到这个文件中调好位置，用ctrl+t可以选择图片调节大小，后保存文件即可。 </p><p>45. </p><p>如何设置图像的变换，怎样扭曲一个图像。 </p><p>“编辑”菜单，“变化”命令组，“扭曲” </p><p>46. </p><p>什么是图层，图层有哪些特性。P125 </p><p>所谓“图层(Layer)”，是指一组可绘制和存放图像的电子画布。我们可以将图层想像成一摞绘制有各种图形的透明纸，当从上向下看时，上面的图像便会将下面的图像遮住。这样的透明纸就相当于这里的图层。我们将整个图的不同部分绘在各个图层上，图层的透明度和样式效果都可以根据需要调整，各个图层也可以根据需要显示或者隐藏，为图像处理带来很多方便。 </p><p>（1) 独立特性 </p><p>(2) 透明特性 </p><p>(3) 合成特性 </p><p>47. </p><p>图层常用的操作有哪些。P.126 </p><p>(1) 新建图层 </p><p>(2) 复制图层 </p><p>(3) 图层位置的移动 </p><p>(4) 图层的合并 </p><p>(5) 图层删除 </p><p>(6) 图层重命名 </p><p>48、图层样式有哪些，怎样设置图层样式。（P130） </p><p>①投影、内阴影、外发光、内发光、斜面和浮雕、光泽、颜色叠加、渐变叠加、图案叠加、描边等； </p><p>②在photoshop中，选择系统菜单“图层”|“样式”，打开“样式”级联菜单，设置多种不同的图层效果，如投影、外发光、内发光、描边等。如选择“投影”后打开的“投影”对话框，在投影对话框中，再进行该效果的详细设置。 </p><p>49、什么是蒙板，图层蒙板、矢量蒙板和剪贴蒙板有什么不同。（P131-132） </p><p>①“蒙板（Mask）”一词来源于传统的绘画和摄影领域，为了选择绘画和照片中的一部分来编辑，蒙板可以遮盖住从而保护不需要编辑的部分。在Photoshop中，蒙版是浮在图层之上的一块挡板，它对图层的部分数据起遮挡作用，当对图层进行操作处理时，被遮挡的数据将不会受影响。在Photoshop cs3中有四种蒙板。 </p><p>②图层蒙板，是加在图层上的一个遮挡层，当在蒙板上编辑图像时，前景色和背景色自动改变为黑白色，黑色表示蒙板透明，白色表示蒙板不透明，这样使用画笔在图层上画图时，蒙板上的黑色就消去了不需要的部分，则可起到擦除图像。也保护了图层的原图像不被破坏。另外通过图层蒙板还可产生一些特殊的滤镜效果而不用更改原图像。 </p><p>使用矢量蒙板可以产生具有锐利边缘的蒙板，这种蒙板的边缘放大后不会出现锯齿形，可以无限缩放。矢量蒙板上的图形可以通过创建路径的方法绘制。 </p><p>与前两种蒙板不同，剪贴蒙板实际上是一个特殊的图层，在图层缩略图前带“”标记。蒙板图层的图像只对基层的非透明区域起作用，基层是一组剪贴蒙板最底部的图层（图层名带下划线）。剪贴蒙板的使用可以使对象的形状和对象的图像效果分离开来，做起到“下形上色”的功能。 </p><p>第三章 图像处理技术（3） </p><p>50、在剪贴蒙板中基本图层和蒙板图层各起什么作用。（P132） </p><p>蒙板图层的图像只对基层的非透明区域起作用，基层是一组剪贴蒙板最底部的图层（图层名带下划线）。 </p><p>51、如何使用图层蒙板擦除和恢复图像。 </p><p>当在蒙板上编辑图像时，前景色和背景色自动改变为黑白色，黑色表示蒙板透明，白色表示蒙板不透明，这样使用画笔在图层上画图时，蒙板上的黑色就消去了不需要的部分，则可擦除图像。将前景色设定成白色，这样使用画笔在图层上画图时，画过的地方就恢复了需要的部分。 </p><p>52、在“文本”的选项工具栏中主要有哪些内容。 </p><p>文本的字体、字号、颜色、对齐方式、文字的输入方向；字符的大小、高度、宽度、字符间距、行间距、段落对齐方式、字符变形等。 </p><p>53、什么是通道，原色通道和Alpha通道分别保存的什么内容。 ①通道是针对图像中不同的颜色或选区建立起的视图模式。在不同的通道上，用户可以以单色的形式编辑图像或者选区。 </p><p>②原色通道保存图像的颜色信息，Alpha通道保存选区。 </p><p>54、怎样通过通道建立复杂的选区。 </p><p>Alpha通道的黑色区域对应非选区，白色区域对应选区，灰色对应不同的选择深度，Alpha通道可以使用从黑到白共256级灰度色，因此可以创建非常精细复杂的选区。 </p><p>在调版中按住Ctrl键单击Alpha通道时，画布上显示出该通道所对应的选区。再显示所有颜色通道，隐藏Alpha通道，在“图层”调板中选择图像图层。这时再复制、粘贴图像，可以只得到选区内的部分。（134页） </p><p>55、什么是滤镜，怎样为图像增加艺术滤镜。 </p><p>滤镜是一种图像处理工具，可以强化图像的效果并掩盖其缺陷，将图像变形、扭曲、交错或显示为三维效果。 </p><p>打开“滤镜”菜单，从中选择一种滤镜时，将自动打开滤镜窗口。滤镜窗口分为预览区，滤镜列表区，参数区三个区域。选中一种滤镜后，在参数区立即显示出该滤镜的所用参数及其设置控件，可以调整滤镜参数。确定滤镜及其参数后单击“确定”按钮，该滤镜立即作用于当前图像的当前层或者当前层的选区。 </p><p>56、掌握图像的合成过程。（sorry，看实训教程啦各位） </p><p>57、1. 在计算机的应用模式中，C/S结构中的C是指（客户端，或client ），S是指（ 服务器，或server ）。 </p><p>58、2. Web站点，又称Web应用，它是由（主目录及包含的各种子目录及文件构成，包括网页文件、媒体文件等）构成的。 </p><p>59、3. 对于Web浏览器，从本质上讲，有两大基本功能，一是（ 标记语言HTML和XML文档的阅读器 ），二是（ 客户端脚本程序的解释机 ）。 60、4. 在HTML中，标记属性分为（ 一般 ）属性和（ 事件）属性，不同的标记其属性也不完全相同，其中有一些属性是大多数标记共有的，例如：（ id，name，style，class） 属性。5．在Web页面上，用户通过form表单实现与服务器的信息交互，其action属性通常是一个（ 服务端程序），负责对用户的输入数据进行处理。 </p><p>61、6. 在Photoshop中，如果希望对选区边缘得到一种模糊和半透明的效果，需要在创建选区前，设置选取工具的（ 羽化 ）属性值；要看到羽化效果，可以进行删除、填充或（复制）操作。 </p><p>62、7. 在Photoshop中，和“仿制图章工具”功能相似的一个工具是（ 画笔修复工具 ），两者的不同是（是否做融和计算）。 </p><p>8. 无论是音频还是视频，其数字化过程都包含三个基本步骤，分别是采样，量化，编码 </p><p>9. 1. 什么是万维网？画出B/S三层结构图，并简述Web的工作原理。 </p><p>（1）万维网是由Internet中的Web服务器和安装了Web浏览器的计算机构成的网络，它是Internet的子集。 </p><p>（2）B/S三层结构图 </p><p> </p><p>HTTP请求 </p><p>HTTP请求 </p><p>浏览器 </p><p>HTML或 </p><p>XML文档 </p><p>Internet </p><p>HTML或 </p><p>XML文档 </p><p>Web </p><p>服务器 </p><p> </p><p>数据库 </p><p>服务器 </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图1-1 Web的工作原理 </p><p>（3）简单工作原理 </p><p>在浏览器地址栏中，用户输入要访问的网页网址URL（网址/路径/文件名.扩展名），向Web服务器提出HTTP请求。Web服务器根据URL中指定的网址、路径和网页文件，调出相应的HTML、XML文档或Jsp、Asp文件，根据文档的类型，Web服务器决定是否执行文档中的脚本程序，还是直接将网页文件传送到客户端。 </p><p>2. 关于HTML标记语言，回答下列问题： </p><p>（1）写出HTML文档的基本结构。 <html> </p><p><head> </p><p>头部信息 </p><p></head> </p><p><body> </p><p>文档主体 </p><p>（语句部分） </p><p></body> </p><p></html> </p><p>（2）要修改标记的默认显示，有哪几种方法？ </p><p>①在<head></head>定义嵌入式样式表 </p><p>②使用标记的<style>定义内联样式 </p><p>③使用标记的class属性，设置样式类。或使用id属性设置样式 </p><p>3. 在HTML中，什么是CSS？使用CSS有什么好处？ </p><p>（1）CSS即层叠样式表单Cascading Style Sheet。 </p><p>（2）好处：较好的实现内容和显示格式的分离，便于系统整体的风格一致和维护 </p><p>4. 什么是点阵图像和矢量图像？简述两种图像各自的特点。 </p><p>（1）点阵图像是指用像素点来描述和存储的图像，特点是细节描述清晰，不足是存储文件大，放大和缩小时会引起失真。 </p><p>（2）矢量图像是指用直线段和曲线段来描述和存贮的图像，特点是文件大小与图像本身的复杂程度有关，放大和缩小不会引起失真。 </p><p>5. 关于Photoshop，回答下列问题： </p><p>（1）Photoshop软件有哪几大基本功能？ </p><p>图像修复、图形绘制、图像修饰等 </p><p>（2）在Photoshop中，要创建选区，有哪些方法？ </p><p>选取工具，魔棒工具，套锁工具，通道，路经转换等第一章： </p><p>1.超链接的种类 </p><p>1.网页设计要注意哪些问题 </p><p>age的主要功能 </p><p>3.网页标记的格式（选择） </p><p>5.网页设计的通用规则 </p><p>第三章：ps </p><p>1.图层的属性以及操作（选择） </p><p>2.图像的深度是什么 </p><p>3.色彩的属性 </p><p>4.在ps中调整色彩的操作 </p><p>5.像素的缩写表示 </p><p>6.显示器共有多少数据数，ps如何使得网页颜色与原色一样 </p><p>7.色调、色相、饱和度、对比度、互补色、中间色分别是什么？ </p><p>8.用哪些方法可以抠图第一章Web技术基础 1．什么是Internet？ Internet的产生和发展。 </p><p>2．.什么是Web，Web服务器？画出B/S三层结构图 </p><p>3．Web的工作原理—C/S结构。 </p><p>4．什么是Web浏览器，Web浏览器的功能。 </p><p>5．什么是超文本。 </p><p>6．什么是超级链接，超链接的功能。 </p><p>7. 什么是统一资源定位器URL，URL的一般形式。 </p><p>8．什么是端口？端口的分类。 </p><p>9．什么是浏览器/服务器（B/S）计算模式，（B/S）计算模式的三层结构。 </p><p>10．什么是Internet信息服务IIS，熟悉IIS中的网站“属性”对话框。 </p><p>11．什么是虚拟目录？简述如何建立虚拟目录。 </p><p>第二章 标记语言与网页制作 </p><p>（1）写出HTML文档的基本结构。 </p><p>（2）要修改标记的默认显示，有哪几种方法？在HTML中，什么是CSS？使用CSS有什么好处？ </p><p>4. 什么是点阵图像和矢量图像？简述两种图像各自的特点。 </p><p>5. 关于Photoshop，回答下列问题： </p><p>（1）Photoshop软件有那个几大基本功能？ </p><p>（2）在Photoshop中，要创建选区，有哪些方法？ </p><p>1．什么是HTML文档。 </p><p>2．HTML标记语法和文档结构。 3．文件头标记及子标记。 </p><p>4．文件体标记及其属性，一般属性和事件属性。 </p><p>5．文档内容常用标记，常用标记的常用属性。 </p><p>如：字体标记<font>…</font> </p><p>常用的属性有face、size和color，分别设置字体、文字大小和颜色。 </p><p>6．表格（table）及相关标记。 </p><p>7．表单（form）及表单元素。 </p><p>8．层次块标记。 </p><p>9．对象和脚本程序标记。 </p><p>HTML网页中，可以插入脚本程序、Java程序、内嵌对象、ActiveX组件等。从而制作出更加新颖和交互能力更强的Web页面。这些新的文档内容需要通过<object>、<script>等标记来标记。 </p><p>10．层叠样式表CSS技术。 </p><p>⑴标记的style属性与内联样式 </p><p>HTML中，除base、font、param和script标记外，几乎所有的文件体内的标记都有style属性，包括<body>标记本身。style属性将修改标记的默认样式，从而实现标记按照特定的形式显示，这就是内联样式。 </p><p>⑵修改标记默认样式 </p><p>当用户自定义的样式要应用到文档中所有标记时，应该在文件头部使用<style>标记对，重新定义标记的样式。 </p><p>⑶标记的id属性与class属性 </p><p>如果仅将一个样式用到某个元素的一个场合，而不是该标记的全部。此时可在文件头部的<style>标记内定义通用id值或隶属于某个标记的id值。或者定义样式类，然后在标记中设置id属性和class属性。 元素样式定义的一般形式： </p><p>tagName[.className][#id属性名]{ </p><p>property: value; </p><p>…… </p><p>} </p><p>11．帧（frame），如何定义框架网页。 </p><p>1.色彩的属性 </p><p>hop中如何进行图像色彩调整 </p><p>3.显示器共有多少数据数，Photoshop如何使得网页颜色与原色一样 </p><p>网页设计要注意哪些问题 </p><p>用哪些方法可以抠图 </p><p>1，什么是html，html文档特点 </p><p>超链接的种类 </p><p>网页标记的格式 </p><p>不是声音文件的格式的是什么 </p><p>2，在photoshop中进行色彩调整的方法 </p><p>图层的属性及操作 </p><p>图像的深度指的是什么 </p><p>下列缩写表示的是像素的是 </p><p>2.问答题 色彩的属性 </p><p>在photoshop中调整色彩的操作 </p><p>按钮四部分组成 </p><p>参考步骤： </p><p>（1）运行PS，在文件菜单中，执行“打开”命令，打开两幅素材文件。 </p><p>（2）在文件菜单，新建文件 </p><p>（3）将两个素材文件的图层拉到新建文件图层中。 </p><p>（4）对图片1中的对应的图层，抠图，得到仙子 </p><p>（5）移动仙子到荷花的合适位置 </p><p>（6）将遮挡的部分作选区，进行处理 </p><p>（7）制作一个新的图层，使用黄色、橙色的相间隔的矩形，作径向旋转等处理 </p><p>（8）调整各图层叠放顺序和位置 </p><p>（9）保存文件 </p><p>1、photoshop默认的背景色是__________。 2、RGB颜色模式是由红、_______、_______三种光线组成，所以RGB也叫光源色。 3、从图层的可编辑性进行分类，图层可以分为______图层和_____图层。4、某一像素点的RGB值是R＝27G＝96B＝52，当执行“图像>调整>反相”命令后，该点的RGB值应该变为，R＝____G＝_____B＝_____。 </p><p>考试科目：Photoshop；适用班级：专科图形061、专科媒体061；第9页共9页 5、在Web上使用的图像格式常有______、______、PNG这几种 6、RGB模式的图像有____个颜色通道，CMYK模式的图像有_____个颜色通道。 7、当选择“文件>新建”命令，在弹出的“新建”对话框中可以设定灰度、______、_________、______和Lab模式。 8、默认颜色通道一般出现在通道面板的顶部，其后是_______通道，然后是______通道。 9、ImageReadyCS2的图象窗口包括了原稿、 ______、双联_____、四种不同的显示方式。 10、按________键可以将路径直接转换为选区。 </p><p>金属字制作步骤 1）新建一个300*150*72像素的RGB图像，将背景填充为浅灰色50%； 2）打开通道面板，创建一个新的通道为“Alpha 1”。在Alpha 1通道中使用文字输入工具输入汉字“金属字”（隶书，72，黑色），后取消选区。在通道面板中复制Alpha 1通道，生成Alpha 2通道； 3）对Alpha 2通道执行“滤镜→模糊→高斯模糊”命令进行高斯模糊（设置模糊半径为3.5），完成后，按住Ctrl 键的同时选择Alpha 1通道（得到选区），并反转选区后按下Del 键，后取消选区； 4）打开图层面板，创建一个新的图层，使用白色进行填充。执行“滤镜→渲染→光照效果”命令，打开“光照效果”对话框，设置‘光照类型’颜色色块（参数分别为R=255、G=218、B=70）。然后再设置“属性”颜色色块值与其大致相似(R=255、G=200、B=60)，使图像出现金属字效果（见图1），并在“纹理通道”选项中选择“Alpha 2”通道，完成后单击“确定”按钮； 5）再次打开通道面板，选择Alpha 1通道，执行“选择→载入选区”选择工作区Alpha 1，再次执行“选择→反选”命令反选选区，并选择图层1后按下Delete键，后取消选区； 6）为图像添加一些阴影效果。选择‘图层1’，然后执行“图层→图层样式→投影”命令，在打开的对话框中单击“确定”按钮完成金属字的制作(如下图)。（步骤完） </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>way is through </p><p>Books Knowledge may be acquired through conversation, watching television or traveling, but the deepest and most consistent </p><p>academic </p><p>men ,women and children never advance beyond the sports page of a newspaper a fashion article or a comic. </p><p>reading; </p><p> reading .If we consider the literate population of the world, we may conclude that a </p><p>many read something light for pleasure, a few dip into something more serious now </p><p>few spend their whole lives on </p><p>and </p><p> </p><p>then while very many </p><p>tend to think of reading as a bore .A few, but very few, come to the habit late in life. The circumstances which help to set a child on the </p><p>If you have learned to love books as a child, the reading habit will never desert you .But if this has not been your good fortune, you </p><p> </p><p>path to the literary adventure are a life even barely above real poverty, so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and activities not </p><p>wholly </p><p>possession of a character both curious and independent. </p><p>devoted to the struggle for making a living; the </p><p> </p><p>availability of free books either in the home or in public library and the </p><p>despite </p><p>In order to desire to read one must be curious .A few children are able to keep this curiosity and their mental independence </p><p> </p><p>important is memory work; or because of a careless and lazy one where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred </p><p>the educational system of their country. But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system where what is most </p><p>alive </p><p>name of free expression .It is a wonder that at least a few children survive their schooling and emerge as people who can think, people </p><p>who are open-minded and knowledgeable. </p><p>and anarchy, the New Dark Age in which we live today. Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a </p><p>Thus ,various circumstances are not favorable for the reading </p><p> </p><p> habit .And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence </p><p>book. But It is precisely because of our present troubles that we should read .How otherwise, are we to understand the nature of hatred, </p><p>of cruelty, of power politics? How, otherwise, are we to take a stand on the serious question of individual freedom and authority? How, </p><p>otherwise, are we to comprehend and perhaps solve these urgent problems that face us? </p><p>which </p><p>Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of reading, rater than the acquisition of facts, is cultivated; one in </p><p> </p><p>books-any books. A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth without a book he is a fool. </p><p>the spirit of inquiry is encouraged. Ideally, family and governmental policy should be to see that we have a great number of </p><p>Cannons </p><p>loud,animated conversation with a tears ago,I would have turned right around and walked briskly back out of rule </p><p>The other day I walked into an airport men’s room,which was empty except for one man, who appeared to be having a </p><p>my parents stresses when I was a child was”Never stay in a restroom with a man who talks to the plumbing.”little microphone on the wire,the kind that people feel they must shout at,to make sure their vital messages are getting through. </p><p>But,of course,as a modern human,I knew that this man was talking on his cell phone,using one of those earpiece thingies,with the </p><p> </p><p>expect some emergency to suddenly arise that will require them to have both hands free while talking? </p><p>It’s not clear to me why so many people in airports use the earpiece do they need to keep their hands free?Do they </p><p>might consider is wrapping their heads in aluminum d,this would make them look not nearly as stupid as they look </p><p>Or maybe they’re afraid that if they hold the phone next to their head,the radiation will give them brain so,an option they </p><p>shouting into their earpiece wires. </p><p>that technology is a wonderful at what point does technology go too far?Is it fair to say that cell phones,if used thoughtfully </p><p>The point is that every key element of this scenario--the cell phone,the airplane,the zipper is made possible by know </p><p>and politely ,are OK,but that if a person attaches an earpiece thingy and walks around shouting in public,bystanders should be allowed </p><p>to snatch the wire and sprint off down the airport concourse,with the shouterear,bouncing gaily behind on the floor? </p><p>’s earphone,and possibly even the shouter’s detached </p><p>do </p><p>I think we all agree that the answer is: technology goes too far,ordinary citizens must take the question is:How </p><p>happening,according to an article in the Sept.6issue of science magazine,brought to my attention by alert reader .This article states that </p><p>we define”too far”?I will tell define “tf”as when scientists start putting weapons on is actually </p><p>researchers at Berkeley have been mounting tiny cannons on the backs of is correctoutfitting live cockroaches with backpacks containing plastic tubes filled with explosives. </p><p>”These researchers have been </p><p>cockroaches have such good researchers have used their findings to construct a working robot roach that is,according to </p><p>Of c,the researchers have a scientific reason for doing this:They are on has something to do with figuring out how </p><p>science,the size of a there’s anything this world needs more than armed cockroaches,it’s giant,mechanized cockroaches! </p><p>500rounds of small-bore cannon fire,mostly in his ankles,indicating that this was the work of the gang of armed research cockroaches </p><p>A home owner in Santa Rosa,California,was found shot to death in his kitchen said the man apparently was felled by </p><p>that escaped from a Berkeley said the motive in the slaying was apparently a ring a related development,an escaped </p><p>robot cockroach broke into an Oakland Wal-Mart and made off with an estimated 17000 </p><p> need somebody in authority to look into this right away </p><p>Ask yourself:Is that the kind of story you want to read in your newspaper?Metoo,.as long as </p><p>AA batteries. </p><p>it’s ,seriously,this is </p><p>Studythan you travelling to attend it? </p><p>Would you like to a course that </p><p>’s offered abroad,but don’t want to leave home?Would you prefer the course came to you,rather </p><p>sometimes known--is a way of studying that allows you to study wherever you want,whenever you want ,at a pace you want,to suit your </p><p>If this sounds like a good idea,have you considered open learning?The good news is that open learning--or flexible learning as it’s </p><p> even better news is that theretraining providers by open choice is expanding all the companies of all sizes run part or all of their employee </p><p>’s a huge range of courses offered throughout the world by colleges,universities and private </p><p>training and development in the same way. </p><p>corner from the course </p><p>The principle of open learning is very simple--the student is at the center of the learning process,whether they live just around the </p><p> </p><p>learning materials are not the same as are written in a friendly,informal style designed to involve you in the learning </p><p>materials can </p><p>provider,or halfway </p><p>be in the form of </p><p>across the receive the materials,and </p><p>books,audio or video tapes,CD-ROM,or a mixture </p><p>work through them with </p><p>of er </p><p>the </p><p>the </p><p>help of </p><p>format,open </p><p>your </p><p> are usually activities,tasks or exercises throughout the text to give you an idea how youexercise to return to your ’re getting on,plus an assessment </p><p>suits you best. </p><p>’re encouraged to make notes on your learning materials and generally to use them in the way which </p><p>is right for you,helps you understand,reminds you of deadlines and is generally interested in your process,and he or she marks your </p><p>The materials are one of your most important learning resources;another is your is the person who makes sure the course </p><p>assessments too. </p><p>and </p><p>open learning course vary--some lead to formal qualifications,some are for are closely related to the world of work </p><p>examination,others are assessed through course work or by building </p><p>lead to vocational qualifications,others are academic and lead to more traditional </p><p>time,some only start at certain times of allow you to work entirely at your own pace;others require you to submit work by key </p><p>a portfolio to demonstrate your competence,Some start at any </p><p> lead to a final </p><p> have some workshops or seminars where you can meet other students,if youleaving home to study abroad can be youThe key advantage for open learners is that distance doesn’t the course </p><p>’comes </p><p>re able to travel. </p><p>to you,the disruption </p><p> experience shows </p><p>better. </p><p>that opening learning students gain results </p><p>’re working,you don’which are just as </p><p>t need to leave your dongood as classroom-based learners--often </p><p>’t have to leave your </p><p>and expense of </p><p>studying for a number of hours each week,although when you put in study hours is up to you and could be different each </p><p>Of c,like any method of learning,there are some need to be organized and get yourself into a regular habit of </p><p>need </p><p>motivated,and not drop your studies when something else sounds more youto find somewhere to study in peace,which could be home,work or a place where you’ll not be </p><p>you support in the form of study time,finance for fees or a open learning students can often feel isolated,even though they </p><p>’re employed,it helps if your employer gives </p><p> have to be </p><p>have a tutor. </p><p>still </p><p>The Internet has made the world a smaller place and at the same time brought some changes to open courses now </p><p>near-instant </p><p>use the type of course materials we mentioned earlier,but tutor and student keep in contact online though Email,bringing </p><p>Environments, often have learning materials online too,so you can study at a desk top--perhaps clicking to key web sites </p><p>conversations and answers to problems.A more advanced type of learner support is though Virtual Learning </p><p>for extra information download and print materials to work through at your leisure. </p><p>same course,as well as with their can discuss the course content,chat informally withthe rest of the group and even carry out </p><p>VLEs create a study environment on line and have the huge advantage that learners can now chat by Email with colleagues on the </p><p>team assessment exercises software structure allows you to visit on-line rooms or areas which have the same purpose as in </p><p>a college or university--there are areas for reading study materials,rooms to discuss content with other students,rooms for informal chat </p><p>which the tutor wontables,assessment </p><p>based all over the world. </p><p>dates,course </p><p>’t enter,rooms to </p><p> </p><p>follow-up extra reading,websites </p><p>course providers are introducing </p><p>and resources and areas </p><p>VLEs to include </p><p>with notice boards for course time </p><p>students in their courses who are </p><p>Five </p><p>her head. They think Australians surf incessantly and play regularly with is still a land of danger,and the French live only </p><p>American students think every African walks around barefoot,cooks food over a campfire and carries all necessary items on his or </p><p>for bread and love. </p><p>American </p><p>These are examples of the stereotypes or perceptions American students often have </p><p>international </p><p>students </p><p>television,magazines,movies,athletics,and music?It is essential,therefore,to break these stereotypes and paint a new picture--a realistic </p><p>students </p><p>believe </p><p>have </p><p>these fallacies </p><p>misconceptions </p><p>based on the </p><p>about </p><p>limited </p><p>theUS,a </p><p>exposure </p><p>country </p><p>they have </p><p>they </p><p>had to </p><p>of </p><p>are </p><p>outside </p><p>various </p><p>exposed </p><p>countries,how </p><p>countries around </p><p>to everyday </p><p>much </p><p>the </p><p>more </p><p> </p><p>through </p><p>will </p><p>picture--of life in theUS. </p><p>do not party all the time,nor are they all wealthy and in the social elite. </p><p>No,you will not see Tom Cruise while shopping in a car will not be hijacked just because you study in an students </p><p>great source of amusement,but also cause frustration in the battle against an effort to quash some myths,here are five </p><p>These are just some of the many answers university representatives give to inquiring international questions are a </p><p>most common stereotypes regarding college education in the US. </p><p>less selective colleges may consist of students who have little concern for their academic well being,but in the more selective colleges </p><p>There are more than 3000universities in theUS,each with varying admission are highly selective,some not at </p><p>you will find very committed students who will spend countless hours at night on their is a phrase in theus called an all </p><p>nighter which is used when a student stays up all night to perfect an an students love keeping count of how many all </p><p>nighters they have pulled in the course of their academic soon becomes evident that education is not taken lightly in </p><p>truth,it is an issue of </p><p>explore </p><p>The college life portrayed in movies such as </p><p> college you select in theus will be the primary factor for what academic climate you will find. </p><p> student-sponsored organizations participate in more temperate activities that range from gathering at coffee houses to </p><p>a full extra-curricular lifestyle,they are also </p><p>Animal house is very much a A students do enjoy </p><p>expected to keep up with very high standards of social behavior </p><p>the freedom to </p><p>and academic </p><p>service projects to weekend ski ational students often join clubs or organizations where they can become involved in exciting </p><p>programs both on and off campus,without encountering the stereotypical rowdy events. </p><p>college </p><p>Although a certain percentage of A college students do come from </p><p>financial aid from the university and other A students enter college knowing they must apply for loans,work part-time,and </p><p>students come from moderate-in-come some universities,up </p><p>wealthy families and have large expendable incomes,most A </p><p>to 80of the students body receives some form of </p><p>earn scholarships in order to meet their financial obligations. </p><p>importance to all students,parents,and staff at a sities centered in major cities have endless services to ensure the safety </p><p>Of all industrialized nations,theUS has one of the lowest crime e campuses are no is of primary </p><p>of all students,from campus transportation services to on-campus police majority of universities located outside of the city </p><p>are extremely safe,and various precautions are made based on their demographic situation. </p><p>size of our nation as a example:if you were to drive 100kmhour,it would take you 5days to ravel from LA to covering </p><p>Many overseas students are surprised to learn about the great distance that exist between cities in our country as well as the mere </p><p>distances </p><p>student,A or ts should question the universities they will be attending regarding distances to typical services within </p><p>within a large city can be a challenge.A commute to a campus of more than 30km would not be recommended for any </p><p>the communities.A school visit before a decision is made is recommended. </p><p> you have had any of the above stereotypes this will serve as a reminder to you to research before you asAmericans </p><p>Hopefully,the previous paragraphs have dispelled some of the myths that many international students have about college life in </p><p>hold outrageous perceptions of the outside world,you too may need to check your assumptions about theUS. </p><p>mountain road in the interior of Brazil. My ancient jeep was straining up through spectacular countryside when the radiator began to </p><p>The Green Banana Although it might have happened anywhere, my encounter with the green banana started on a steep </p><p>leak, ten miles from the nearest mechanic. The overheated engine forced me to stop at the next village, which consisted of a small store </p><p>and a scattering of houses. People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water shot from holes in the jacket of the radiator. </p><p>s easy to fix,“Thatwork out. </p><p>ignorance, so I remarked on the beauty of the stretch of land. Huge rock formations, like Sugar Loaf in Rio, rose up all around us. </p><p>We exchanged </p><p>“”Green bananas, a man said. He sent a boy running for some green bananas. He patted me on the shoulder, assuring me everything would </p><p>’pleasant </p><p>”jokes </p><p> he smiled. Everyone agreed. </p><p>while I wondered at the </p><p> </p><p>ramifications </p><p> </p><p>of the green banana. Asking questions would betray </p><p>you see that tall one right over there?“my </p><p>Do </p><p>marks the center of the world.” </p><p>” </p><p> asked my benefactor, pointing to a particular tall, slender pinnacle of dark rock. “That rock </p><p>significance of his statement. The occasion demanded some show of recognition on my part. </p><p>I looked to see if he were making fun of me, but his face was serious. He in turn inspected me carefully to be sure I grasped the </p><p>trying to convey interest if not complete acceptance. He nodded. “The absolute center. Everyone around here knows it.“The center of the world?”” </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>I repeated, </p><p> </p><p>jacket. The banana melted into a glue against the hot metal, plugging the leaks instantly. Everyone laughed at my astonishment. They </p><p>At that moment the boy returned with my green bananas. The man sliced one in half and pressed the cut end against the radiator </p><p> </p><p>refilled my radiator and gave me extra bananas to take along. An hour later, after one more application of green banana, my radiator and </p><p>I reached our destination. The local mechanic smiled. </p><p>you the rock marking the center of the world?exact center. Everyone around here has always known about it.”, he asked. I assured him they had. </p><p>“Who taught you about the green banana?” I named the village. “Did they show </p><p>” </p><p>“My grandfather came from there,” he said. “The </p><p>whose time had not yet come. Suddenly on that mountain road, its time and my need had converged. But as I reflected on it further, I </p><p>As a product of American higher education, I had never paid the slightest attention to the green banana, except to regard it as a fruit </p><p> </p><p>realized that the green banana had been there all along. Its time reached back to the very origins of the banana. The people </p><p>village had known about it for years. My own time had come in relation to it. This chance encounter showed me the special genius of </p><p>in that </p><p>those people, and the special potential of the green banana. I had been wondering for some time about those episodes of clarity which </p><p>educators like call “learning moments”, and knew I had just experienced two of them at once. </p><p>for </p><p>realized they had valid belief, a universal concept, and I agreed with them. We tend to define the center as that special place where we </p><p>a </p><p>The importance of the rock marking the center of the world took a while to filter through. I had initially doubted their claim, knowing </p><p> </p><p>fact that the center was located some where in New England. After all, my grandfather had come from there. But gradually I </p><p>are known, where we know others, where things mean much to us, and where we ourselves have both identity </p><p>town, and local region. </p><p>and meaning: family, </p><p>place represents the center of world. The number of such centers is incalculable, and no one student or traveler can experience all of </p><p>The lesson which gradually filtered through was the simple concept that every place has special meanings for the people in it; every </p><p> </p><p>them, but once a conscious breakthrough to a second center is made, a life-long perspective and collection can begin. </p><p>ripening slowly, perhaps waiting patiently for people to come along to encounter them. In fact, a green banana is waiting for all of us </p><p>The cultures of the world are full of unexpected green bananas with special value and meaning. They have been there for ages, </p><p>who leave our own centers of the world in order to experience other places. </p><p>research. How strange, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a pediatrician because of my love for children and </p><p>A SCIENTIST: "I AM THE ENEMY" I am the enemy! One of those vilified, inhumane physician scientists involved in animal </p><p>my desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, however, I saw many children die of leukemia, prematurity and </p><p>traumatic </p><p>saw </p><p>techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of the healthy, happy children drew me to </p><p>children, </p><p> injuryalive </p><p>—circumstances against which medicine has made tremendous progress, but still has far to go. More important; I also </p><p>and healthy, thanks to advances in medical science such as infant respirators, potent antibiotics, new surgical </p><p>medical research. </p><p>relevance to medicine and are easily replaced by computer simulation. Meanwhile, an apathetic public barely watches, convinced that </p><p>My accusers claim that I inflict torture on animals for the sole purpose of career advancement. My experiments supposedly have no </p><p>the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious politicians increasingly give way to the demands of the activists. </p><p>seize the initiative and frame the issue as one of "animal fraud." We have been complacent in our belief that a knowledgeable public </p><p>We in medical research have also been unconscionably apathetic. We have allowed the most extreme animal-rights protesters to </p><p>would </p><p>emotional tone of the argument created by those sad posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of leukemia or </p><p>sense the importance of animal research to the public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the </p><p>cystic fibrosis. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>evidence of our </p><p>Much is made of the pain inflicted on these animals in the name of medical science. The animal-rights activists contend that this is </p><p>cruel, both to animals and human beings. Teenagers get thrown from the back of a pickup truck and suffer severe head injuries. Toddlers, </p><p> malevolent and sadistic nature. A more reasonable argument, however, can be advanced in our defense. Life is often </p><p>barely able to walk, find themselves at the bottom of a swimming pool while a parent checks the mail. Physicians hoping to alleviate the </p><p>pain and suffering these tragedies cause have but three choices: create an animal model of the injury or disease and use that modeI to </p><p>understand </p><p>finally, leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us to the advances. </p><p>the process and test new therapies; experiment on human beings—some experiments </p><p> </p><p>will </p><p> </p><p>succeed, most will fail—or </p><p>making </p><p>Some animal-rights activists would suggest a fourth choice, claiming that computer models can simulate animal experiments, thus </p><p> </p><p>complex </p><p>the actual experiments unnecessary. Computers can simulate, reasonably well, the effects of well-understood principles </p><p>themselves are in question, as is the case with the complex biological systems under study, computer modeling alone is of little value. </p><p>systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design. However, when the principles </p><p>on </p><p>One of the terrifying effects of the effort to restrict the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years and </p><p> </p><p>decades: </p><p>fundamental biological processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries. There is the danger that politically expedient </p><p>drugs that might have been discovered will not be; surgical techniques that might have been developed will not be, and </p><p>solutions will be found to placate a vocal minority, while the consequences of those decisions will not be apparent until long after the </p><p>decisions are made and the decision making forgotten. </p><p>fortune should not make us unappreciative of the health we enjoy or the advances that make it possible. Vaccines, antibiotics, insulin </p><p>Fortunately, most of us enjoy good health, and the trauma of watching one's child die has become a rare experience. Yet our good </p><p> </p><p>and drugs to treat heart disease, hypertension and stroke are all based on animal research. Most complex surgical procedures, such as </p><p>coronary-artery </p><p>techniques to insert genes in humans in order to replace the defective ones found to be the cause of so much disease. These studies will </p><p>bypass and organ transplantation, are initially developed in animals. Presently undergoing animal studies are </p><p>effectively end if animal research is severely restricted. </p><p>doctor </p><p>In America today, death has become an event isolated from our daily </p><p> </p><p>compassion for a dog or a cat, but with </p><p>who has watched many children die, and their parents grieve, </p><p> existenceI am particularly </p><p>—out of the sight and thoughts of most of us. As a </p><p>angered by people capable </p><p>human life and death and what it means. </p><p> seemingly so little for a dying human being. These people seem so insulated from the reality of </p><p>of so much </p><p>movement has made us more aware of the needs of these animals, and made us search harder for suitable alternatives, they have made </p><p>Make no mistake, however: I am not </p><p> </p><p>advocating </p><p> </p><p>the needlessly cruel treatment of animals. To the extent that the animal-rights </p><p>a significant contribution. But if the more radical members of this movement are successful in limiting further research, their efforts will </p><p>bring about a tragedy that will cost many lives. The real question is whether an apathetic majority can be aroused to protect its future </p><p>against a vocal, but misdirected, minority </p><p>Family Values in America </p><p> people treat example,can be indicative of cultural the US it is not uncommon for parents to put a </p><p>Acculturation,which begins at birth,is the process of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents’ </p><p>newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the helps to preserve parentshaving his or her own room,which is seen as a first step toward personal ans traditionally have held independence </p><p>’ privacy and allows the child to get used to </p><p>and a closely-related value,individualism ,in high s try to instill these prevailing values in their an English </p><p>expresses these value preferences:children shouldstrings”.In the process of their socialization children learn to”cut the umbilical cord”look out for number one”and are encouraged not to be””tied to their mothers’ apron </p><p>outside the home as a first step to establishing or ten-year-old children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods </p><p>Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their children work for mand to stand on their own two feet. </p><p>oney </p><p>and save or spend their ers may babysit at neighborsfinancial parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciate the value of </p><p>’ homes in order to budget their money,preparing them for future </p><p>money. </p><p>children leave home they often social relationships and financial support outside the s do not arrange marriages for their </p><p>Upon reaching an appropriate age,children are encouraged,but not forced,to leave”their nest” and begin an independent life,After </p><p>children,nor do children usually ask permission of of their parents to get ic love is most often the basis for marriage in </p><p>the </p><p>gh children choose their own spouses,they still hope their parents will approve of their choices. </p><p>US;young adults meet their future spouses through their friends,at school,at jobs,and in organizations and religious </p><p>follow a particular profession,but the child is free to choose another mes children do precisely the opposite of what their </p><p>In many families,parents feel that children should make major life decisions by themselves.A parent may try to influence a child to </p><p>parents wish in order to assert their independence.A son may deliberately decide not to go into his fatherthat he will lose his autonomy in his fathernot love each love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the A ting with such </p><p>’s independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do </p><p>’s business because of a fear </p><p>love in the A f are cultural values of self-reliance and independence. </p><p>emotional </p><p>In both nuclear and extended families,the culture imposes set roles upon ionally the male has been responsible for </p><p>longer prescribed roles of the man assupport,childraising,and r,among some people in parts of the US,these parental functions are no </p><p>mothers,households where the wife is working. </p><p>”househusbands”,and an increasing number of daycare centers for ,traditional roles may be preserved </p><p>”breadwinner”and the woman as housewife are changes include working </p><p>even in </p><p> choose to work because they feel that financial support of the family should be shared by the husband and </p><p>Some mothers work because of a financial need and not because of a desire to change their role from housewife to </p><p> others are motivated to work because of the professional interests and a desire to contribute to than 50 percent of </p><p>the </p><p>A woman are part of the labor force. </p><p>groups often maintain their cultural heritage within the families have strong religious or ethnic backgrounds which continue </p><p>It is almost impossible to describe a “typical Af” of the US is such a heterogeneous s ethnic,racial,or economic </p><p>to </p><p>influence </p><p>contribute to the preservation of the close-knit extended one time,traditional roles and religion </p><p>influences. </p><p>on the nuclear economic conditions,societal attitudes,and job mobility in theUS compete </p><p>had a </p><p>with </p><p>much </p><p>traditional </p><p>stronger </p><p>have </p><p>Changes in the Af structure are evidenced by increased rates of separation and certain areas of the country these trends </p><p>indicate,however,that the institution of marriage is is estimated that four out of five divorced couples eventually remarry </p><p>resulted in a growing number of”single-parent”families,remarried parents,and communal dose not </p><p>other </p><p>changing roles,attitudes,and changes,according to the more traditional viewpoint,represent a breakdown in the f structure,a </p><p> shifts in family relationships may be interpreted as a breakdown or,alternatively,as an adaptation of the Af to </p><p>disintegration of values,and a decline of ,who believe it is necessary to adapt to a rapidly changing society,believe these </p><p>shifts in f structure are inevitable and positive. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Mosquito </p><p>plantations in Africa or courageous explorers sailing down the Amazon,taking quinine pills and sleeping at night under mosquito </p><p>In film and literature,malaria,the mosquito-borne disease,has an exotic calls to mind images of British colonial coffee </p><p>reality,the </p><p>public-health crisis in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe where it is gaining </p><p>disease--which can cause acute fever and chills,headache,muscle ache,fatigue,and,sometimes,death--has created a </p><p>like </p><p>There were1102 cases of malaria in theus ly,the statistics are much more than100million people in areas </p><p> force each year. </p><p>year,and </p><p>Egypt,southern Africa,parts of Southeast Asia,India,Central America,Papua </p><p>Lanka,where international spraying and drug distribution programs once reduced the number of annual cases to17,there are now an </p><p>nearly two million of them Africa,one quarter of all children between </p><p>New Guinea </p><p>the ages </p><p>and </p><p>of </p><p>Mexico </p><p>one and </p><p>suffer </p><p>four </p><p>from </p><p>dies </p><p>malaria </p><p>from </p><p>each </p><p>Sri </p><p>estimated three quarters of a million cases of malaria per year. </p><p>three-stage </p><p>Malaria is neither a virus like polio nor a bacterium like ,itinvaders travel to the liver where the bodylife ion starts out with a mosquito bite that releases a few </p><p>’s a parasite that invades red blood cells and has a </p><p>of the parasites </p><p>parasites burst out of the liver,and attack red blood ,too,eventually burst and release still more parasites,triggering malaria’s cells hide them from the immune system,allowing them to afterwards,the </p><p>into the human </p><p>symptoms. </p><p>’s </p><p>the </p><p>In the 1950s,malaria was believed to be on the verge of introduction of insecticides such as DDT seemed to signal </p><p>chloroquine,a synthetic quinine-like drug. </p><p>end of the malaria-carrying mosquito in certain if you had contracted malaria,you could have been cured with </p><p> a precaution,travelers continue to take chloroquine or other drugs prior to,during and after leaving a malarious area,In </p><p>Forty years later,malaria is making a parasite has developed a resistance to familiar pesticides like DDT and to </p><p>areas where malaria is drug-resistant,new medications are needed and many researchers say a vaccine is a ping an effective </p><p>one could save hundreds of thousands of livers. </p><p>liver cells and while theyCurrently,researchers are investigating three possible plans of attack for a vaccine One would kill the parasite,before they enter the </p><p>would create antibodies that would be ingested by a biting mosquito and stop the mature parasites from r, no one </p><p>’re in r would attack the parasite in its second stage,destroying infected red blood cells,The third </p><p>has yet found the formula for an effective inoculation. </p><p> </p><p>Most vaccines,like those for smallpox or polio,consist of dead or modified forms of the same dangerous bugs that </p><p>types of vaccines are ineffective against malaria because the infected mosquitoes donvaccine helps the immune system recognize and attack the r,previous research has shown that </p><p>cause </p><p>standard </p><p>the </p><p>vaccine. </p><p>’t carry enough of the parasite to create a useful </p><p>Immunology </p><p>One of the more interesting approaches too the problem is that of Manuel Patarroyo,M.D.,founder and director of the Institution of </p><p>parasite. </p><p>in Bogota, 1986he created a synthetic vaccine,hoping that the body’s own immune cells would kill the </p><p>focused </p><p>Perhaps because a malaria vaccine seems far in the </p><p>nets,which protect sleeping people from mosquitoes and kill any bugs that happen to land on the net. </p><p>on areas like prevention,control and </p><p>future,many </p><p>new strategy </p><p>experts aree </p><p>for controlling </p><p>suggesting </p><p>transmission </p><p>that attention </p><p>is </p><p>should </p><p>pesticide-treated </p><p>continue to </p><p>bed </p><p>be </p><p>in traditional Chinese medicine to treat fever,are being studied by scientists. </p><p>Some researchers are exploring folklore treatments in the hopes of developing stringer tives of qing-hao,a weed used </p><p>AchillesWhile these approaches are promising,none have proven tough enough to stop researchers find the parasite’ </p><p>’heel,the disease will continue t infect millions. </p><p>s </p><p> </p><p>people. In fact, the admiration they have had for him borders on worship. Writers note the fact that the Lincoln Memorial in Washington </p><p>American Ideal of a Great Leader Of all figures from America's past Abraham Lincoln is dearest to the hearts of the American </p><p>DC is </p><p>birthday in schools and other public places has sometimes had characteristics of a religious service. Whether this last obsernot unlike the temples that ancient Greeks built in honor of their gods, and that the annual ceremony of celebrating Lincoln's </p><p>or not, certainly Lincoln is America's ideal of a great leader. He had many of the qualities of leadership that have appealed to Americans. </p><p>vation is true </p><p> </p><p>self-made person - the one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top. Lincoln was born of poor </p><p>First of all, Lincoln's career fits a popular American belief that every child can dream of becoming president. Americans admire the </p><p>parents. His mother died when he was young. The shack in which he and his father lived one winter had only three walls; the fourth side </p><p>was open to the weather. He had little opportunity for schooling. Most of his early study was done by himself at night by the light of a </p><p>fireplace. He did hard manual labor through the day - splitting rails for fences, taking care of livestock, working on a riverboat or in a </p><p>store. </p><p>philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him, and eventually he became president of the United States. </p><p>But as he grew older he studied law in his spare time and set up a practice. He was a good speaker and student of political </p><p>right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people. He, in a sense, represents the spirit of union among the states. Before </p><p> Lincoln is also admired because of his leadership during the difficult period of the Civil War. He dared to do what he thought was </p><p> </p><p>the Civil War, the economy of the South depended on an agricultural system, which made use of slave labor. </p><p>states put so much pressure on Congress not to extend slavery to territories destined for statehood that some of the southern states </p><p> reformers in the northern </p><p>wanted to secede from the United States,they argued that the question of slavery was a matter for the individual states to decide rather </p><p>than the federal government, and they did not want to submit to its decision. The national government said that no state had the right </p><p>to secede, and the Civil War was the result. If the south had won the war, what is now the Unites States might well have been divided into </p><p>several countries with regional interests and problems. Lincoln dedicated himself to preserving the union, and the northern states with </p><p>him at their head were victorious.A from both theN and theS now generally feel that keeping the states together as one country has </p><p>produced long-range benefits,and L has received much of the credit for holding the Union together. </p><p>tolerance for those who disagreed with him. As president, he appointed the men to his cabinet whom he considered most capable for </p><p>Furthermore, Lincoln had many personal qualities that made him dear to the hearts of his countrymen. He had infinite patience and </p><p>the </p><p>restraint. He was generous to his opponents. There are many stories about his courteous treatment of southern leaders. When the war </p><p>job, even though some of them openly scorned him and humiliated him. He bore their discourtesy toward him with admirable </p><p>was </p><p>national ideal of what is right. </p><p>over, he bore the South no </p><p> </p><p>malice. Since generosity toward a defeated opponent is admired by Americans, Lincoln fitted the </p><p>hours. The reaction of the nation to his death was almost unbelievable. Newspapers were edged with black. His funeral procession in </p><p>Shortly after the Civil War was over, Lincoln was shot one night while attending a play in a Washington theater. He died within a few </p><p> </p><p>Washington was miles long. Lincoln's body was taken by train back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois, but in all the major cities </p><p>through which </p><p>which the train passed, bells rang in honor of the dead president. Citizens lit torches along the railroad track to show their last respects. </p><p>the train passed, the casket was paraded through streets lined with mourning thousands. In the small towns through </p><p>It took the train twelve days to reach Springfield. </p><p> </p><p>lived, it might well be that his postwar policies would have brought criticisms upon him that would have tarnished his popularity. Instead, </p><p>Thus The circumstances of his death made him a martyr for a cause about which people were already highly emotional. Had Lincoln </p><p>an assassin's bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had and emphasized his virtues. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> News anchor: Good evening. I'm Charles McKay, and this is the 5 o'clock evening news. The top story this hour: The town of Delta has </p><p>been declared a health hazard. The entire town of Delta was closed down by government authorities yesterday, after testing confirmed </p><p>that the town had been poisoned by the dumping of toxic chemicals in town dumps. Suspicions were first aroused three weeks ago, </p><p>when 200 people telephoned the hospital complaining of headaches, stomachaches, faintness, and dizziness. An investigation revealed </p><p>that toxic wastes had leaked into the ground and contaminated the water supply. People were being poisoned by their drinking water </p><p>and by the fruits and vegetables they were eating from their gardens. In fact, any contact they had with soil or water was dangerous. </p><p>Government authorities have ordered all residents to leave the area until the chemical company responsible for the toxic waste can </p><p>determine whether the town can be cleaned up and made safe again. </p><p> And now here's Sarah Cooper with tonight's Consumer Report. Sarah? </p><p>Consumer reporter: Thank you Charles, and good evening. There was some good news for beer drinkers today: A recent study of 17,000 </p><p>Canadians shows that people who drink beer moderately are healthier than people who drink other alcoholic beverages, such as wine or </p><p>liquor. Researchers say they don't yet know exactly why this is so. They found, however, that moderate beer drinkers reported a tie, 3 to </p><p>3. And in a game that's still in progress, Italy is leading Haiti 2 to 1, with 30 minutes left to go. </p><p> Tune in tonight at 11 for a complete sports update. </p><p>PAGE 58 </p><p>A funny thing happened to me last Friday. I'd gone to London to do some shopping. I wanted to get some Christmas presents, and I </p><p>needed to find some books for my course at college (you see, I'm a student). I caught an early train to London, so by early afternoon I'd </p><p>bought everything that I wanted. Anyway, I'm not very fond of London, all the noise and traffic, and I'd made some arrangements for </p><p>that evening. So, I took a taxi to Waterloo station. I can't really afford taxis, but I wanted to get the 3:30 train. Unfortunately the taxi got </p><p>stuck in a traffic jam, and by the time I got to Waterloo, the train had just gone. I had to wait an hour for the next one. I bought an </p><p>evening newspaper, the 'Standard', and wandered over to the station buffet. At that time of day it's nearly empty, so I bought a coffee </p><p>and a packet of biscuits ... chocolate biscuits. I am very fond of chocolate biscuits. There were plenty of empty tables and I found one </p><p>near the window. I sat down and began doing the crossword. I always enjoy doing crossword puzzles. </p><p> After a couple of minutes a man sat down opposite me. There was nothing special about him, except that he was very tall. In fact he </p><p>looked like a typical city businessman ... you know, dark suit and briefcase. I didn't say anything and I carried on with my crossword. </p><p>Suddenly he reached across the table, opened my packet of biscuits, took one, dipped it into his coffee and popped it into his mouth. I </p><p>couldn't believe my eyes! I was too shocked to say anything. Anyway, I didn't want to make a fuss, so I decided to ignore it. I always avoid </p><p>trouble if I can. I just took a biscuit myself and went back to my crossword. </p><p> When the man took a second biscuit, I didn't look up and I didn't make a sound. I pretended to be very interested in the puzzle. After </p><p>a couple of minutes, I casually put out my hand, took the last biscuit and glanced at the man. He was staring at me furiously. I nervously </p><p>put the biscuit in my mouth, and decided to leave. I was ready to get up and go when the man suddenly pushed back his chair, stood up </p><p>and hurried out of the buffet. I felt very relieved and decided to wait two or three minutes before going myself. I finished my coffee, </p><p>folded my newspaper and stood up. And there, on the table, where my newspaper had been, was my packet of biscuits. </p><p>PAGE 83 </p><p> </p><p>Night Flight </p><p> 'This is Captain Cook speaking. Our estimated time of arrival in Brisbane will be one am, so we've got a long flight ahead of us. I hope </p><p>you enjoy it. Our hostesses will be serving dinner shortly. Thank you.' </p><p> It was Christmas Eve 1959, and the beginning of another routine flight. The hostesses started preparing the food trays. A few of the </p><p>passengers were trying to get some sleep, but most of them were reading. There was nothing to see from the windows except the vast </p><p>blackness of the Australian desert below. There was nothing unusual about the flight, except perhaps that the plane was nearly full. A lot </p><p>of the passengers were traveling home to spend Christmas with their families. The hostesses started serving dinner. </p><p> It was a smooth and quiet flight. The hostesses had finished collecting the trays, and they were in the galley putting things away </p><p>when the first buzzers sounded. One of the hostesses went along the aisle to check. When she came back she looked surprised. 'It's </p><p>amazing,' she said. 'Even on a smooth flight like this two people have been sick.' </p><p> Twenty minutes later nearly half the passengers were ill—dramatically ill. Several were moaning and groaning, some were doubled </p><p>up in pain, and two were unconscious. Fortunately there was a doctor on board, and he was helping the hostesses. He came to the galley </p><p>and said, 'I'd better speak to the captain. This is a severe case of food poisoning. I think we'd better land as soon as possible.' 'What </p><p>caused it?' asked one of the hostesses. 'Well,' replied the doctor, 'I had the beef for dinner, and I'm fine. The passengers who chose the </p><p>fish are ill.' The hostess led him to the flight deck. She tried to open the door. 'I think it's jammed,' she said. The doctor helped her to </p><p>push it open. The captain was lying behind the door. He was unconscious. The co-pilot was slumped across the controls, and the radio </p><p>operator was trying to revive him. </p><p> The doctor quickly examined the two pilots. 'They just collapsed,' said the radio operator. 'I don't feel too good myself.' 'Can you land </p><p>the plane?' said the doctor. 'Me? No, I'm not a pilot. We've got to revive them!' he replied. 'The plane's on automatic pilot. We're OK for a </p><p>couple of hours.' 'I don't know,' said the doctor. 'They could be out for a long time.' 'I'd better contact ground control,' said the radio </p><p>operator. The doctor turned to the hostess. 'Perhaps you should make an announcement, try to find out if there's a pilot on board.' 'We </p><p>can't do that!' she said, 'It'll cause a general panic.' 'Well, how the hell are we going to get this thing down?' said the doctor. </p><p> Suddenly the hostess remembered something. 'One of the passengers ... I overheard him saying that he'd been a pilot in the war. I'll </p><p>get him.' She found the man and asked him to come to the galley. 'Didn't you say you used to be a pilot?' she asked. 'Yes ... why? The </p><p>pilot's all right, isn't he?' She led him to the flight deck. They explained the situation to him. 'You mean, you want me to fly the plane?' he </p><p>said. 'You must be joking. I was a pilot, but I flew single-engined fighter planes, and that was fifteen years ago. This thing's got four </p><p>engines!' </p><p> 'Isn't there anybody else?' he asked. 'I'm afraid not,' said the hostess. The man sat down at the controls. His hands were shaking </p><p>slightly. The radio operator connected him to Air Traffic Control. They told him to keep flying on automatic pilot towards Brisbane, and to </p><p>wait for further instructions from an experienced pilot. An hour later the lights of Brisbane appeared on the horizon. He could see the </p><p>lights of the runway shining brightly beyond the city. Air Traffic Control told him to keep circling until the fuel gauge registered almost </p><p>empty. This gave him a chance to get used to handling the controls. In the cabin the hostesses and the doctor were busy attending to </p><p>the sick. Several people were unconscious. The plane circled for over half an hour. The passengers had begun to realize that something </p><p>was wrong. 'What's going on? Why don't we land?' shouted a middle aged man. 'My wife's ill. We've got to get her to hospital!' A woman </p><p>began sobbing quietly. At last the plane started its descent. Suddenly there was a bump which shook the plane. 'We're all going to die!' </p><p>screamed a man. Even the hostesses looked worried as panic began to spread through the plane. 'It's all right!' someone said. 'The pilot's </p><p>just lowered the wheels, that's all.' As the plane approached the runway they could see fire trucks and ambulances speeding along </p><p>beside the runway with their lights flashing. There was a tremendous thump as the wheels hit the tarmac, bounced twice, raced along </p><p>the runway and screeched to a halt. The first airport truck was there in seconds. 'That was nearly a perfect landing. Well done!' shouted </p><p>the control tower. 'Thanks,' said the man. 'Any chance of a job?' </p><p>PAGE 100 </p><p> </p><p>TASK 1第一则和最后一则 </p><p>Here's the news at 11:30. </p><p> Thousands of people have marched through the centre of Corby in Northamptonshire to protest against plans to close the steel </p><p>works, the town's major employer. The marchers demonstrated outside the local British Steel Corporation's headquarters where union </p><p>leaders are talking about closure plans with the management. </p><p> Hospital waiting lists in the south west of England have gone up by a quarter in the last five years. While the number of doctors, </p><p>nurses and other staff have increased, the demand on the service has grown even faster. </p><p> The EEC is to give another ￡31 million to Britain's poorer areas. The aid from the regional development fund includes ￡13.5 million </p><p>for Northern Ireland and ￡10 million for industrial improvement and road works in the north of England. </p><p> In a report on rabies controls, Kent County Council has said that 17 dogs, 5 cats, 2 rabbits and 2 hamsters have been landed illegally </p><p>at Channel ports in the first nine months of this year. This was seven more than in the same period last year. </p><p> A derailed coal train at Thirsk in North Yorkshire has disrupted rail services between Newcastle and the south of England. </p><p>TASK 2 第二则 </p><p> </p><p>It's time for the news at 3:30 here on Radio I. </p><p> A girl aged 16 armed with a shotgun held up a class of children at a secondary school in Surrey this morning. Police said that soon </p><p>after school began at Blair Hill Secondary School, Newton, the girl, armed with a double-barrelled shotgun belonging to her brother, </p><p>went into one of the classrooms and threatened a teacher and about thirty pupils. A shot was fired into the ceiling as she was being </p><p>overpowered by police officers. </p><p> Surgeons at Cambridge have successfully transplanted a pancreas—the organ that produces insulin—in two patients suffering from </p><p>diabetes. One patient, a 23-year-old electronics worker also had a liver transplant. The other patient, a 55-year-old housewife, had a </p><p>kidney transplanted at the same time. Both patients are doing well. </p><p> A stately home owner who allowed a pop concert to be staged in his grounds was fined yesterday for letting a rock band play </p><p>overtime. The Honourable Frederick Sidgwick Johnson admitted allowing the rock group Led Zepplin to play on after midnight during a </p><p>concert at his home near Stevenage two months ago. Stevenage magistrates fined him ￡125 with ￡25 costs. </p><p> Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the north of England and southern Scotland. A woman was killed </p><p>in Carlisle when a chimney on a house collapsed and two men were killed when their car crashed into a fallen tree on a country road near </p><p>Melrose. More high winds and rain are forecast for tonight. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><p></p></img></p><div class=entry-copyright><p>
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"video_height":"484",
"fixed_sidebar":"1",
"dark_style":"0",
"user_card":"1"
};
var _wpmx_js = {};
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