2024年4月30日发(作者：)
1. 语言的普遍特征：
任意性arbitrariness
双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构
多产性productivity
移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西
文化传播性cultural transmission
2。语言的功能：
传达信息功能informative
人济功能：interpersonal
行事功能：Performative
表情功能：Emotive
寒暄功能：Phatic
娱乐功能recreatinal
元语言功能metalingual
3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支
语音学Phonetics
音位学phonology
形态学Morphology
句法学syntax
语义学semantics
语用学pragmatics
4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：
中说出的具体话语
5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance
Ferdinand de saussure
语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境
1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:
a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language
b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.
c. we can u se language to refer to something not present
d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.
is the most important function of language?
a. interpersonal
b. phatic
c. informative
ingual
function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __
a informative
b. phatic
c. directive
d. performative
distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __
a saussure
b. halliday
c. chomsky
d. the prague school
5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?
a. saussure
b. chomsky
c. halliday
d anomymous
第二节语音学
1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成
2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.
3.辅音的发音方式
爆破音complete obstruction
鼻音nasals
破裂音plosives
部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction
擦音fricatives
破擦音affricates等
4.辅音清浊特征voicing
辅音的送气特征aspiration
5.元音vowel
分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状
6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides
1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.
a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech
b. the perception of sounds
c. the combination of sounds
d. the production of sounds
2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __
a. the place of articulation
obstruction f airstream
c. the position of the tongue
d. the shape of the lips
3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t
a. voiceless
b. spread
4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?
a. voicing
b. aspiration
ess
d. nasality
of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?
a. voicing
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