2024年4月29日发(作者：)

翻译硕士英语阅读理解专项强化真题试卷34

(总分100,考试时间60分钟)

阅读理解

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points-periods,

countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly

procedure; how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's

findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is

taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable **e directly from the sociology

catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where

history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What

happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the question "Why did it happen?".

Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use

has given rise to psy-chohistory.

Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts.

Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was

sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho-historians

intend. They **mitted, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis.

**mitment excludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.

Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their

consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and produces its

theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that

transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence; that evidence be publicly

accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic principle of

historical methods; that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their views.

Psycho-historians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories are also convinced

that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.

Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper

mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an

integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events

had multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it

imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of **plexity.

Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a

single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

1. of the following best states the main point of the passage?

A. The approach of psycho-historians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks

the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of

psycho-historians.

C. History is composed of unique and non-repeating events that must be individually analyzed on

the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

D. The psychological assessment of an individual's behavior and attitudes is more informative

than the details of his or her daily life.

2. can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be

distinguished from psychohistory is that traditionally history usually______.

A. views past events as complex and having their own individuality

B. relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events

C. interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended

D. turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events

3. passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

A. What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation?

B. What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians?

C. When do traditional historians consider psychological explanations of historical developments

appropriate?

D. What sort of historical figure is best suited for psycho-historical analysis?

4. author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of

psycho-historians?

A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.

B. Archives used by psycho-historians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.

C. Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.

D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in

the childhood of the figure.

5. author of the passage puts the word "deepest" in quotation marks most probably in order

to

A. signal her reservations about the accuracy of psycho-historians' claims for their work

B. draw attention to a contradiction in the psycho-historians' method

C. emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians' claims from her opinion of

their method

D. disassociate her opinion of the psycho-historians' claims from her opinion of their method

Many literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust:

what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic

Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novel Remembrance of Things Pasty A recently published

letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of

Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the

novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was

to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the

essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over

in a steadily developing novel.

Draft passages in Proust's 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel

began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful

influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to

demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than

Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections

between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to

Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in

Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous

and apparently random associations of Proust's subconscious. As incidents and reflections

occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But

he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness **plexity of the

meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from

abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out

coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end

of his novel.

Intrigued by Proust's claim that he had "begun and finished" Remembrance at the same time,

Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrance's last book were actually started in 1909.

Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novel's characters in their old age that

would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the

ravages of time. The letter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet's researches

establish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his

essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly **plete edition of Proust's

correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. For until

Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance, he told

few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.

6. passage is primarily concerned with______.

A. the role of involuntary memory in Proust's writing

B. evidence concerning the genesis of Proust's novel Remembrance of Things Past

C. the influence of Saint-Beuve's criticism on Proust's novel Remembrance of Things Past

D. Proust's correspondence and what it reveals about Remembrance of Things Past

7. can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are literary detectives who have

tried, by means of either scholarship or criticism, to help solve the " great puzzle" mentioned in

the 1st line EXCEPT______.

A. Bardeche

B. Vallette

C. Fallois

D. Kolb

8. of the following best states the author's attitude toward the information that scholars

have gathered about Proust's writing in 1909?

A. The author is disappointed that no new documents **e to light since Fallois' speculations.

B. The author is dissatisfied because there are too many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts.

C. The author is confident that Fallois's 1954 guess has been proved largely correct, but regrets

that still more detailed documentation concerning Proust's transition from the essay to the novel

has not emerged.

D. The author is satisfied that the facts of Proust's life in 1909 have been thoroughly established ,

but believes such documents as drafts and correspondence are only of limited value in a critical

assessment of Proust's writing.

9. passage offers information to answer which of the following questions?

A. What is a theme concerning art that appears in the final book of Remembrance of Things Past?

B. Precisely when in 1909 did Proust decide to connect the beginning and the end of

Remembrance of Things Past?

C. What was the subject of the novel that Proust attempted in 1908?

D. What specific criticisms of Saint-Beuve appear, in fictional form, in Remembrance of Things

Past?

10. of the following best describes the relationship between Contre Saint-Beuve and

Remembrance of Things Past as it is explained in the passage?

A. Immediately after abandoning Contre Saint-Beuve, at Vallette's suggestion, Proust started

Remembrance as a fictional demonstration that Saint-Beuve was wrong about the imagination.

B. Immediately after abandoning Contre Saint-Beuve, at Vallette's suggestion, Proust turned his

attention to Remembrance, starting with incidents that had occurred to him while planning the

essay.

C. Despondent that he could not find a coherent structure for Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay about

the role of memory in fiction, Proust began instead to write Remembrance, a novel devoted to

important early memories.

D. While developing his argument about the imagination in Contre Saint-Beuve, Proust described

and began to link together personal memories that became a foundation for Remembrance.

Deconstruction

Innovations in language are **pletely new. When the words used for familiar things change,

or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock.

Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadow. This

seems especially true of the language of the contemporary school of literary criticism that now

prefers to describe its work simply and rather presumptuously as theory but is still popularly

referred to as poststructuralism of deconstruction.

The first neologisms adopted by this movement were signifier and signified, employed to

distinguish arbitrariness of the term we choose. The use of these particular terms(rather than,

respectively, words and thing)underlined the seriousness of the naming process and its claim on

our attention. Since in English "to signify" can also mean "to portend," these terms also suggest

that words **ing events.

With the use of the term deconstruction we move into another and **plex realm of meaning.

The **mon use of the terms construction and deconstruction is in the building trades, and their

borrowing by literary theorists for a new type of criticism cannot help but have certain overtones

to the outsider. First, the usage suggests that the creation and critical interpretation of literature are

not organic but mechanical processes; that the author of any piece of writing is not an inspired,

intuitive artist, but merely a laborer who cobbles existing materials(words)into more or less

conventional structures. The term deconstruction implies that the text has been put together like a

building or a piece of machinery, and that it is in need of being taken apart, not so much in order

to repair it as to demonstrate underlying inadequacies, false assumptions, and inherent

contradictions. This process can supposedly be repeated many times and by many literary hard

hats; it is expected that each deconstruction will reveal additional flaws and expose the illusions or

bad faith of the builder. The fact that deconstructionists prefer to describe their activities as