2024年4月10日发(作者：)

2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,

B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young

people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories

1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not

sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through

3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in

4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 5 as a rejection of

middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,

_ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit

crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are

8 to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example,

changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising

unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting

discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent

households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home

15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is

thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include

frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19

of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child

committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting

2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because

3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation

4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response

5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else

6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding

7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with

8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject

9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect

10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount

11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length

12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence

13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced

14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously

15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as

16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage

17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible

18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability

19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity

20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],

[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job

database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal

search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title,

and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose

the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first

notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the

employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.

With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he

time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases.

But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your

criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a

possibility,” says one expert.

For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to

do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career

counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip

service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a

reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is

added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.

Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends

out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three

potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database;

job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send

our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing

for CareerSite.

Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to

keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to

arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his

agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal

search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

21. How did Redmon find his job?

[A] By searching openings in a job database.

[B] By posting a matching position in a database.

[C] By using a special service of a database.

[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.

22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?

[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.

[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.

23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means .

[A] advisory. [B] compensation.

[C] interaction. [D] reminder.

24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

[A] To focus on better job matches.

[B] To attract more returning visits.

[C] To reserve space for more messages.

[D] To increase the rate of success.

25. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.

[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.

[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.

[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.

Text 2

Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or

made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet

unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with

a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac

cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that

Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the

halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning

with letters between A and K.

Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C

respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first

half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads

of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush,

Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and

Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese

characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).

Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the

alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant

school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their

names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the

improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically

disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications,

because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.

The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their

awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists

for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be

drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?

[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.

[B] A type of conspicuous bias.

[C] A type of personal prejudice.

[D] A kind of brand discrimination.

27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.

[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.

[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.

[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.

28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .

[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students

[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class

[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students

[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight

29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph

5)?

[A] They are getting impatient.

[B] They are noisily dozing off.

[C] They are feeling humiliated.

[D] They are busy with word puzzles.

30. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.

[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.

[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.

[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.

Text 3

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the

47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most

of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped

showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says. “I

provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.”

So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban

Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon

me, too,” she says.

Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of

working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap

outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who

last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious

approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last

year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not

panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as

they do some modest belt-tightening.

Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own

fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan,

“there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by

Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even

as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,"

says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about

their ability to find and keep a job.

Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower

interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers

seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary

ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot

new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co.

may still be worth toasting.

31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.

[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.

[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.

[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.

[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.

32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?

[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.

33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author is

talking about _______

[A] gold market.

[B] real estate.

[C] stock exchange.

[D] venture investment.

34. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?

[A] They would benefit in certain ways.

[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.

[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.

[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.

35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

[A] A new boom, on the horizon.

[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.

[C] Caution all right, panic not.

[D] The more ventures, the more chances.

Text 4

Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes,

entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to

get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of

pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.

“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”

says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book.

Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our

schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for

intellectual pursuits.

But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them

vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas

and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing

along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a

less civil society.”

“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard

Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of

anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says

Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of

elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble

qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and

rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college

recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know

a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero

avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate

goodness.

Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we

reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.

Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders,

wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.

School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's

educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to

intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?

[A] The habit of thinking independently.

[B] Profound knowledge of the world.

[C] Practical abilities for future career.

[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.

[A] undervaluing intellect.

[B] favoring intellectualism.

[C] supporting school reform.

[D] suppressing native intelligence.

38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.

[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.

39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.

[A] a pioneer of education reform.

[B] an opponent of intellectualism.

[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.

[D] an advocate of regular schooling.

40. What does the author think of intellect?

[A] It is second to intelligence.

[B] It evolves from common sense.

[C] It is to be pursued.

[D] It underlies power

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into

Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The

Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,

which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from

their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in

describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the

twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since

vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native

languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal

with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described

languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and

Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native

American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US

military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (44)

Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the

structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that

because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers

of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort

of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and

that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture

of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is

somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,

Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

Section III Writing

46. Directions：

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

1. describe the drawing，

2. interpret its meaning, and

3. support your view with examples.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)

答案解析

Section I Use of English

1.完形填空翻译：

许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪

的主要因素。强调个人因素的理论认为，儿童从事犯罪活动，是因为他们以前的不良行为没

有及时受到惩处，或者由于他们受别人影响而学会了犯罪。强调社会因素的理论认为，儿童

犯罪，是因为他们未能如愿地提高自己的社会经济地位，或者是因为排斥中产阶级的价值观。

大部分研究青少年犯罪的理论都集中在来自贫困家庭的儿童身上，而忽略了出身富裕家

庭的儿童也会犯罪这一事实。这些儿童可能由于缺乏父母管教而犯罪。当然，所有这些理论

都不是定论，并且经常遭到批判。

社会结构的变化可能会间接地影响青少年犯罪率。比如，某些经济变化导致了年轻人就

业机会减少和失业率上升，通常在这种情况下，想找到薪水丰厚的工作就愈加困难。由此产

生的不满反过来可能导致更多的年轻人犯罪。

这些年来家庭也在经历着变化。单亲家庭和双职工家庭越来越多。这样，儿童在家里所

受到的监管就可能比过去传统家庭要少。人们认为缺乏父母管教是影响青少年犯罪率的因素

之一。其他已知的原因还包括：青少年在学校里形成的挫败感或学习不及格，年轻人越来越

容易接触毒品和酒精，以及儿童受虐待和得不到关怀的事件日益增多。所有上述情况都会增

加青少年犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系还没有被证实。

2. 完形题目详解：

1. [A] acting (on) 对……起作用

[B] relying (on) 依靠，指望

[C] centering (on) 以 ……为中心，围绕；集中于……

[D] commenting (on) 对……做出评论

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+分词短语辨析。

本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么分词与on搭配，构成分词短语。从结构上看，文

章第一段由三个平行结构的长句子构成，其主要结构为Many theories concerning…focus on；

Theories 1 on the individual suggest that；Theories focusing on the role of society suggest

that。三个句子的主语都是theories，并都接有分词作定语。因此空格处填入的分词应和前一

句中的concerning、后一句中的focusing on遥相呼应，都表示“关于…的理论”的含义，从文

意方面看，第一句话总述到，关于（concerning）青少年犯罪原由的理论集中研究两个方面，

即个人因素和社会因素。第二句强调个人因素的理论。第三句强调(focusing on)社会因素的

理论。能表达出“集中强调”含义的分词短语只有centering on。

例句补充：Alcohol acts on the brain.（酒精对大脑起作用）；She relies on her parents for

tuition.（她的学费依赖于父母）；Her novels centered on the problems of adolescence.（她的小

说以青少年问题为中心）；He commented on the bad weather here.（他对这里糟糕的天气发表

评论）。

2. [A] before在……之前，表时间 [B] unless如果不，除非，表条件

[C] until直到……才，表时间 [D] because 因为，表因果

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么连词。首先，从结构上看，本题的空格在一个由that

引导的宾语从句中：Theories suggest that…。该从句含有两个完整的分句：children engage in

criminal behavior和they were not sufficiently penalized。考生关键要判断出这两个在空格前后

的分句之间是什么逻辑关系。其次，根据文意，强调个人因素的理论把犯罪归结于个人原因，

按照其观点，“儿童以前的不良行为没有及时地受到惩处”就是“儿童犯罪”的原因之一，两者

之间是因果关系。选项中只有连词because表因果，因此是正确答案。

3. [A] interaction（with）与 ……的互相作用，互相影响

[B] assimilation（into）适应、同化、融入……

[C] cooperation（with）与 ……的合作

[D] consultation（with）和 ……的商议

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词短语辨析。

本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么名词，与with others搭配构成名词短语，来做

through的介词宾语。首先排除assimilation，它不能与with搭配。空格所在的分句是they have

learned criminal behavior through __ 3 with others，其中介词through表明“和其他人的……”

是“孩子们学会犯罪”的途径或方式。考生接下来要判断选项中哪个名词短语可以表示出一种

学会犯罪的途径或方式。显然，只有interaction with others符合，意为“和他人的相互影响，

即受到坏人的影响（而学会了犯罪）”。注意cooperation with多为褒义，而且也不能说是“通

过合作”来学会犯罪。

词汇补充：interaction可表示“（人的）交往，影响”，其构词法是inter-（在…之间）+action

（作用）；assimilation表示“（文化、风俗等的）同化”，词根为similar(相同的)，assimilate

是动词形式；cooperation 意为“合作”，其构词法是co-（共同）+operation（操作）；consultation

意为“咨询，磋商”，con-（共同的，相同的），consult为动词形式。

4. [A] (in) return (for) 作为对……的报答，交换

[B] (in) reply (to) 作为对……的答复

[C] (in) reference (to) 关于

[D] (in) response (to) 作为对……的反应/答复

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。

本题要求考生判断选项中哪个能与in…to构成短语并符合文意。首先排除return，因为

它只与介词for搭配，构成短语in return for；其次，空格所在长句意为“（强调社会角色的）

理论认为，孩子们犯罪是他们自己没有成功地超越现有的社会经济地位的__4__”，根据句意，

可先排除C选项in reference to，因为它表示“关于……，就……而言”，填入空格后明显语

义明显不通；最后对in reply to和in response to进行比较，这两个短语区别的关键在其中心

名词reply和response。reply指“回答，答复”，如：in reply to the letters（回信），而response

多表示一种自发的反应。这个题目的正确选项应是in response to，因为“孩子们犯罪是对自

己没有成功地超越现有的社会经济地位的一种自发的、本能的反应行为”。

知识点补充：注意区别reply，response和answer都有“回答”的含义。

Answer (n. v.)在这三个词中使用范围最广，既可以表示用语言来回答,也可表示用行动来

回答。如：answer the telephone(接电话)；answer the door bell (去开门)。

例句：

In answer to these

questions I just nodded.（在回答这些问题的过程中，我只是点点头。）

response(动词为respond)多表示一种自发的反应。

例句：

In response to your inquiries, we

regret to inform you that we cannot help you in this matter. （对于您的疑问，我们很遗憾地通

知您我们对此爱莫能助。）

reply (n. v.)和answer常常可以互相替换，也可以表示“以行动回答”，但有时与answer

明显不同：如：answer a letter只表示“写回信”，但对来信提出的问题并不一定都作了答复，

而reply a letter则表示回答了来信提出的一切细节。in reply to表示“回答，回复”。

例句：

They

would be able to use similar methods in reply to our signals.（他们会有能力使用类似的方法来

回答我们的信号。）

5. [A] or 或者，表并列 [B] but rather （非固定搭配）

[C] but 而是，表转折 [D] or else否则，要不然

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

本题要求考生判断空格前后两个部分之间的逻辑关系。从结构上看，in response to their

failure和as a rejection of middle-class values都是commit crimes的状语，分别表示“作为

对自己没有……的一种自发地、本能的反应”和“作为对中产阶级价值观的排斥”。从文意

上看，社会影响理论强调造成孩子犯罪有两个方面的原因：一是社会经济方面；二是社

会价值观方面。显然无论从结构还是意思上,这两者都是并列关系，需要一个表并列的连

词来连接，所以or正确。

6. [A] considering考虑到，鉴于 [B] ignoring忽视

[C] highlighting突出 [D] discarding丢弃，抛弃

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：分词结构作状语+动词词义辨析。

虽然该空格要填入的是分词，但考生重点要辨析的是其中心动词是否符合文意。从结构

上看，空格所在句子含有主句Most theories have focused on children和作状语的现在分词结

构__6__ the fact，那么填入的分词和主句的谓语focused on都是主语most theories发出的动

作，关键看这两个动作间是什么关系，仅从结构上无法判断，因为分词可以作时间、原因、

方式等多种状语。这时需要从文意上判断，主句意为“大部分研究青少年犯罪的理论都关注

来自贫穷家庭的孩子”，从句意为“……来自富有家庭的孩子也犯罪的事实”。从逻辑上讲，“只

关注贫穷家庭的孩子的情况”会导致“不关注富裕家庭孩子的情况”的结果。两者之间是因果

关系，分词结构在这里作的是结果状语。选项中能表达“不关注”含义的只有ignoring，它在

这里做结果状语，译为“于是就忽视了”。注意discarding不能与fact搭配。

知识点补充：分词作状语表示的动作是主句动作的一部分，一般用逗号同其他成分隔开。

分词可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等状语。

例句：

The old scientist died

all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished. (那位老科学家突然去世了，（于是）留下了没有

完成的项目)。

7. [A] on涉及、关于 [B] in 以 ……方式

[C] for因为 [D] with （表伴随）

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系 + 介词用法辨析。

考生首先要知道空格所在句子的主语the latter（后者）指前一句话中提到的“富有家庭

的孩子”；其次要搞清楚空格前后部分The latter commit crimes和lack of adequate parental

control之间的逻辑关系。由于上文一直在探讨青少年犯罪的原因，这里也不例外，谈论的

是“富有家庭的孩子犯罪”是由于“缺少父母管教”，空格处需填入表因果关系的介词，for正

确。

8. [A] immune（to）免疫的，不受影响的 [B] resistant (to) 有抵抗力的

[C] sensitive（to）敏感的 [D] subject（to）易受……影响的

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词结构作表语。

本题要求考生判断选项中哪个形容词可以与介词to搭配，并做空格所在句子中be动词

的表语。首先，四个形容词都可以和to搭配，如：immune to persuasion（不能被说服的）；

resistant to corrosion （抗腐蚀的）；sensitive to criticism（对批评敏感）；subject to colds （容

易感冒的）。那么关键看哪个能符合句意。空格所在句子是All theories are tentative and are

8 to criticism。考生应注意句中由and连接的两个be动词后的表语都描述了主语“所有理

论”的特点，因此是并列关系。把四个选项一一放入，只有subject to表达的“容易受到批评

和攻击”与tentative表达的“试验性的、不确定的”在含义上近似，不确定就意味着容易遭受

批评和攻击。

9. [A] affect影响，感动，感染 [B] reduce减少，缩小，还原

[C] check检查，制止，核对 [D] reflect反射，反映，表现

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。

空格处需填入一个谓语动词，其主语是Changes in the social structure，宾语是juvenile

crime rates，同时受副词indirectly修饰。考生关键要判断主语“社会结构的变化”能间接地对

宾语“青少年犯罪率”作什么动作。首先由于语意不通而排除check；其次，reflect也不合适，

逻辑上讲，只能是“犯罪率（的变化）反映了社会结构的变迁”，而不能反过来说“社会结构

的变化反映了犯罪率（的变化）”。再次，由于上下文中不涉及到犯罪率高低变化问题，可

排除reduce。affect词义相符，表示“社会结构的变化间接地影响了少年犯罪率”。

10. [A] point（to）指向，指明，让人注意到

[B] lead（to）通向，导致，引起，造成

[C] come（to）谈及，到达，共计，恢复知觉

[D] amount（to）总计, 等于，等同，接近

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词短语辨析。

本题空格所在句子是一个that引导的定语从句，从句的主语是that的先行词changes in

the economy，谓语是空格处填入的动词与to的搭配，宾语是fewer job opportunities。由于四

个选项动词都可与to搭配，组成短语动词，如：point to the sharp death in road death (指明马

路死亡事故剧增)；too much work lead to illness (劳累过度引起生病)；come to an understanding

（达成谅解）；Her standards amounted to perfection（她简直要求事事十全十美）。因此考生关

键要判断哪个短语动词符合句意。

首先，从结构上看，这个短语动词 10 to应该反映主语“经济变化”对宾语“减少的工

作机会”施加的一个动作。其次，上文谈到，社会结构变化间接影响犯罪率。逻辑词for example

表明下面要具体论述是如何影响的。因此接下来谈的应该是“经济变化”造成的影响，即：年

轻人工作机会减少，失业率上升。可见这个动作类似于“影响”，体现了一种因果关系。四个

选项中能够表达因果关系的只有lead to，意为“经济变化导致了年轻人就业机会减少和失业

率上升”。

知识点补充：与to搭配的短语动词还包括：apply to （适合），bring to（苏醒，停下来），

conform to（相称），fall to（开始），object to（反对），refer to（提及，指），set to（着手），

take to（喜爱上，专心于），yield to（屈服于）。

11. [A] in general通常, 一般说来 [B] on average平均起来

[C] by contrast对比起来 [D] at length最后，终于；充分地，详细地

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义 + 固定短语。

由于空格所在长句的主干结构已经完整：changes in the economy（主语）make（谓语）

employment（宾语）difficult to obtain（宾补），填入的短语显然只能做状语来修饰谓语。考

生需要判断哪个短语填入后能使句子意思更加完整。根据句子的含义“（导致年轻人工作机

会减少，失业率上升）的经济变化__11___使收入丰厚的工作很难被找到”，只有in general

放入后符合逻辑，表示一种普遍规律：经济形势不好，一般就业就很困难。

例句补充：Children in general are fond of candy.（孩子一般都喜欢糖果）；On average we

receive 5 letters each day.（我们每天平均收到五封信）；Mr. Green is a taciturn person. By

contrast, his brother was much more talkative.（格林先生是一个沉默寡言的人，相比之下，他

兄弟要健谈的多）；At length they reached their destination.（他们最终到达了目的地）。

12. [A] (in) case假使，如果，万一

[B] (in) short简而言之，总而言之

[C] (in) turn轮流地，依次；又（对别人）做同样的事

[D] (in) essence本质上

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义 + 固定搭配。

和上题一样，这道题空格所在句子的主干结构也已经完整：discontent（主语）lead（谓

语）more youths（宾语）into criminal behavior（宾补），填入的名词与in搭配后在句中作状

语。由于四个选项都可以与in搭配，因此考生只需判断哪个短语填入后，能使句意表达更

完整。句子大意是“（经济变化使年轻人就业变得困难），由此造成的不满情绪 12 _导致更

多年轻人犯罪”，选项中只有in turn放入后符合逻辑，因为它可以表示一种连锁的因果联系，

即“经济变化导致就业困难，就业困难导致不满，不满进而又导致犯罪”。

例句补充：Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold.（带上厚衣服以防天气变冷）；In

short, society must be reorganized. （总之，社会必须重组）；He found that Mary had told

Richard’s sister, and she in turn had told Richard. (他发现玛丽告诉了理查德的姐姐，然后她又

告诉了理查德)；He is in essence an honest person.（他本质上是个诚实的人）

13. [A] survived经历...后依然活着，幸免于 [B] noticed注意到

[C] undertaken承担，许诺 [D] experienced经历，体验

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语意 + 动宾搭配。

本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与changes构成动宾搭配，并符合文意。若只局限于所

在句子的内部语意，答案可以不只一个。因此考生要根据上下文来确定最佳答案。上文从社

会结构变化谈到经济变化再谈到家庭变化；下文则提到，越来越多的家庭变成单亲或双职工

家庭。这些都在暗示家庭结构有了变化。四个选项构成的动宾搭配分别表示“幸免于变化”、

“注意到变化”、“承担变化”和“经历变化”。显然，experienced最恰当地表达了“近几年家庭

也经历着变化”的含义。

知识点补充：除了这个题目外，2003年英语知识第2题也考到了与change构成动宾搭

配的动词。考生需注意，当change作“变化”含义时，常与之搭配的动词有：make, have, take,

bring about, experience, accommodate (to), adapted to, adjust to等。

14. [A] contrarily相反地，表对比 [B] consequently所以，因此，表因果

[C] similarly同样地, 类似于，表比较 [D] simultaneously同时地，表比较

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

考生注意分号和逗号之间一般要填入一个表达句子间逻辑关系的词，因此本题要求考生

判断空格前后“单亲和双职工家庭增多”和“孩子们在家里得到的监护减少”之间的逻辑关系。

根据常识，在单亲和双职工家庭中，父母工作相对比较繁忙，因此孩子受到的监护就会减少。

可见，这里需要一个表因果关系的逻辑副词，选项中只有consequently符合要求。

15. [A] than兼有连词和代词的性质，引导比较成分

[B] that 关系代词，不能引导比较成分

[C] which 关系代词，不能引导比较成分

[D] as 关系代词，不能单独引导比较成分

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：从句中的关系代词。

空格的前文是一个主干结构完整的句子：children are likely to have less supervision at

home，空格的后文是：was common in the traditional family。显然这里包含了一个从句，由

空格处的词连接。解题的关键词是less，它只能和than搭配构成比较级。句子的含义是：（现

在的）孩子们在家里得到的父母的监护，要比（than）在传统的家庭里普遍的（监护）少（less）。

考生需要注意than在这里的用法。than在带有比较级的句子中可以做关系代词，兼有连词

和代词的性质，相当于than what，比如这句话就相当于children have less supervision than

(what) was common in the traditional family。

例句：

The boy has eaten more food than is good for

his health就相当于…eaten more food than （what） is good for his health。（那个孩子吃得太

多，多得对身体都不好了）。

再看三个干扰项。that比较容易排除，它常在关系从句中做关系代词，代替紧跟着的先

行词，可以是名词或代词。这个题目难在其他两个干扰项：which和as似乎可以放入空格中，

做关系代词，代替前面整个句子，意为“这种情况在传统家庭中很普遍”。但考生要注意：首

先，which和as的这种用法都在非限定性从句中，即用逗号隔开，

例句

：He took over the

government, which was unlawful. （他接管了政府，这一行为实际是非法的），She usually takes

a nap after lunch, as is her habit. （午饭后她一般午睡，这已经成了习惯）；其次，填入which

和as，句子的含义就成了：孩子们在家里得到的监护越来越少的现象在传统家庭中非常普

遍，它不符合逻辑。因为文章谈到造成孩子无人看管，正是由于家庭结构的变化，即传统的

家庭变成单亲和双职工家庭所造成的。显然它们不符合上下文意。

16. [A] system系统，体系，体制 [B] structure结构，构造

[C] concept观念，概念 [D] heritage遗产，传统

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语意 + 名词词义辨析。

本题要求考生判断family后接什么中心名词。此题有几个线索，第一个线索在上一题

中也提到，即空格所在句子中的比较级。考生从中可分析出：the traditional family 16 与

families consist of one-parent households or two working parents是相对照的，后者为现代家庭

的组成方式即结构，那么前者空格处也应相应地填入表“结构”含义的词。第二个线索离得比

较远，第三段首句提到changes in the social structure，接下来依次提到changes in the economy

和Families have also experienced changes，因此后面两个变化是第一个变化的分述，即从社

会结构谈到经济结构和家庭结构，而且后面提到的“单亲和双职工家庭”等也确实是在谈论家

庭结构问题。因此空格处应填入这个不只一次出现的关键词structure。

17. [A] assessable可估价的，容易接近、得到和使用的

[B] identifiable可以确认的

[C] negligible可以忽略的，不予重视的

[D] incredible难以置信的，惊人的

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词用法辨析。

空格的前文是lack of parental supervision is an influence（影响，原因）on juvenile crime

rates，下文是Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school…。

因此填入的形容词首先可以修饰causes，其次，根据句意，“其他……的原因”言外之意就是

前面提到的是“一个……的原因”，也就是说这个形容词是上下文提到的所有原因的共同特

点。上文提到的原因是“缺乏管教”，下文提到的原因是“在学校里形成的挫败感或学习不及

格、酗酒、毒品、虐待儿童等等”。再分析四个选项，只有identifiable是所有原因的共同特

点，即：这些原因都是人们已经有所了解的。

知识点补充：选项中几个词的含义可通过几个例句来体会：A telephone is put where it

will be accessible. (把电话放到谁都能拿到的地方)；The police found an unidentifiable woman

buried in the back yard. (警察发现后院埋了一具不明身份的女尸)；In buying a suit, a difference

of ten cents in prices is negligible.（买一套衣服价钱只差一角钱是无所谓的）；He was dressed

with incredible speed. (他以惊人的速度穿好了衣服)。

18. [A] expense费用，代价 [B] restriction限制，约束

[C] allocation分配，安置 [D] availability 可获得性，有效性，实用性

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语意+ 名词词义辨析。

本题要求考生在空格处填入一个中心名词，它可以同时被increased 和drugs and alcohol

修饰，描述造成青少年犯罪的一种原因。首先可排除allocation，因为它不能被increased修

饰；其次，从逻辑上讲，“毒品和酒精的价钱（expense）提高”、“对毒品和酒精的限制

（restriction）增多”都不应该是造成犯罪的原因，反而有可能减少犯罪。只有“（青少年）越

来越容易接触（availability）毒品和酒精”才可能引起犯罪。

例句补充：Redecorating the house will be a considerable expense.（重新装饰房屋将是一

项很大的花费）；There is a restriction against smoking in schools.（学校禁止吸烟）；Sugar is

under allocation during war time.（战争时期糖是配给的）；The availability of clean water

resource is becoming more and more difficult. (找到纯净的水源变得越来越难)。

19. [A] incidence（of）发生(率) [B] awareness（of）意识，知道

[C] exposure（to）暴露，揭露 [D] popularity普及，流行，出名

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。

和上题一样，这个空格填入的中心名词同时被growing和child abuse and child neglect

修饰，描述造成青少年犯罪的另一种原因。由于四个选项都可以被growing修饰，解题的关

键只能是根据逻辑语意做出判断。首先“儿童受虐待和得不到关怀的日益普及（popularity）”

明显不可能，其次“不断意识（awareness）到儿童受虐待和得不到关怀”和“不断暴露（exposure）

儿童受虐待和得不到关怀”不但不是犯罪发生的原因，反而有利于减少犯罪；只有“儿童受虐

待和得不到关怀事件（的发生）（incidence）日益增多”才符合文意。

例句补充：There is a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.（在热带地区疟疾发病率很

高）；A good parliamentarian must have an awareness of what the people at home want.（一个好

的国会议员必须知道国内的人民想要什么）；Exposure of the body to strong sunlight may be

harmful.（让身体暴露在强烈的阳光下会可能是有害的）；The comedian enjoyed great

popularity during the 30’s and 40’s.（这个喜剧演员在三、四十年代很受人欢迎）。

20. [A] provided倘若，（表条件）

[B] since因为, 既然，（表因果或让步）

[C] although虽然，尽管，（表转折或让步）

[D] supposing万一，假使，（表条件）

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

空格前后是两个完整的分句：All these conditions tend to increase the probability和a direct

causal relationship has not yet been established，考生需要判断这两句话之间的逻辑关系。前一

句话谈到，所有这些情形都提高了青少年犯罪的可能性；后一句谈到，直接的因果关系还没

有确定。前面谈已确定的（identifiable）原因，后面谈还不确定。两者间显然是转折关系。

表转折的连词只有although。

例句补充：The factory will pay the bonus provided the job is completed on time.（如果工作

及时完成的话，工厂将会发放奖金）；Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it.（既

然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了）；Supposing it rains what shall you do? （假如下雨，你会

怎么办呢）。

阅读理解试题解析

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A Text 1 A部分第一篇

Text 1全文翻译

去年末，甘特·雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然发现网上有一个被称作“职业建筑师”的求职

资料库。他找来找去，没有找到需要的工作，但却被该网站上的“个人搜索代理”所吸引。其

特点是互动性，这样访问者就可敲入一些和工作标准相关的关键词，如：地点、职位和薪

水等等，然后当资料库里出现了相匹配的职位时，“代理”就会把这些信息用电子邮件发出

去。（长难句①）雷德曼选择了关键词“法律”、“知识产权”和“华盛顿”。过了三个星期后，

雷德曼接到了第一个职位空缺的通知。他说，“我挖到金子了”。他把个人简历用电子邮件寄

给了雇主，接着就得到了一份驻公司律师的职务。

由于网上的求职招聘网站数不胜数，因此寻找可能的空缺职位变得费时又费力。而“搜

索代理”避免了人工重复性地访问数据库。不过，虽然有一个“搜索代理”已成功地为雷德曼

找到了工作，就业专家们还是指出了“搜索代理”存在的问题。比如缩小搜索条件很可能对求

职或应聘者不利。一位专家说，“你每回答一个问题就丧失了一次机会”。

寻找任何职业，都得从一个窄的概念出发，即你想要干什么，然后再去扩大它。“而这

是任何程序所无法做到的”，另一位专家说，“程序都不会有隐含的求职建议”。实际上，最

佳策略是把“代理”当作一种提示性服务，来及时跟踪一个特定数据库里的工作信息。当你

收到电子邮件时，把它看作是提醒你该去查一查资料库的新信息了。（长难句②）一本求职

指南的作者这样说到，“我不愿意依赖‘代理’，它只是在数据库里逐一寻找可能让我感兴趣

的新东西”。

一些网站在“代理”的程序设计上考虑让它诱使求职者回访网站。比如，当这些求职网站

的“代理”向注册用户发送信息时，只提供三种它认为最匹配的工作。（长难句③）而实际上，

数据库里可能还有更多的匹配项，于是，求职者只得再次访问这个网站来寻找。事实上，求

职者真的这样做。求职网销售副总裁塞思·皮茨说，“在我们发送新信息的当天网站访问量就

会急剧上升”。

即使那些不找工作的人也会觉得“搜索代理”有用。一些人利用搜索代理密切关注职业市

场对于自己行业的需求情况，或者收集有关薪水的信息以便和老板协商加薪时有所准备。

（长难句④）雷德曼虽然已经愉快地就业了，但他依然保持着与“职业建筑师”网“代理”的联

系。他说，“你要时刻睁大眼睛，关注这方面的信息”。使用“个人搜索代理”就意味着多了

一双眼睛在为你观察留心。（佳句）

文章脉络分析：

文章介绍了一种能够帮助人们迅速找到工作的搜索代理工具。全文从一个使用搜索代理

而找到工作的实例入手，对这种新事物的优缺点进行了全面分析，并引用了当事人和专家的

观点。

第一段：律师雷德曼通过“个人搜索代理”顺利地找到了工作。

第二、三、四段：这种搜索代理的优点是避免了人工重复性地访问数据库，但缺点是当

求职者缩小搜索条件时会失去很多机会。并且这种机械的程序缺少人性化的求职建议。因此

最佳策略是把它当作一种提示性服务。比如一些网站在“代理”的程序设计上就考虑到让它吸

引求职者回访网站。

第五段：“搜索代理”即使是对那些不找工作的人也有用。

题目具体解析

did Redmon find his job? 21. 雷德曼是怎样找到工作的？

[A] By searching openings in a job database. [A] 通过在职业资料库中寻找空缺职位。

[B] By posting a matching position in a [B] 通过在资料库里张贴相匹配的职位。

database.

[C] By using a special service of a database.[C] 通过使用数据库的一种特殊服务。

[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. [D] 通过将个人简历电邮到数据库。

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

题干中的关键信息是人名“Redmon”，文章第一段就是围绕他的个人经历而展开论述的。

四个选项都提到“database”，从文章首句可知，它指的是网上的一个求职资料库。关键看雷

德曼在这个资料库里做了些什么而找到工作的。文章提到，雷德曼使用资料库的“个人搜索

代理”，敲入了几个关键词，几周后就得到了空缺职位的通知。接着他把个人简历用电子邮

件寄给了雇主，从而获得了一份工作。C选项中的“特殊服务”指的就是网站上提供的“个人

搜索代理”这种服务，虽然比较泛，但符合文意。

A选项中的“寻找空缺职位”和B选项中的“张贴相匹配的职位”都是“个人搜索代理”代替

当事人做的事情。文中只提到雷德曼将个人简历电邮给雇主，因此D选项也不是他找到工

作的方式。

22. Which of the following can be a 22. 下面哪一个可能是搜索代理的缺点？

disadvantage

of search agents?

[A] Lake of counseling. [A] 缺少建议。

[B] Limited number of visits. [B] 限制访问次数。

[C] Lower efficiency. [C] 效率低。

[D] Fewer successful matches. [D] 匹配成功几率低。

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

文章第二段一、二句谈到搜索代理的优点是：避免了人工重复性地访问数据库。连词

But后，文章转而提到专家们看到了它的缺点：每缩小一次搜索条件，对求职或应聘者来说

就意味着丧失了一次机会。但这个缺点在四个选项中都没有提到。搜索代理的另外一个缺点

在文章中比较隐蔽，它是在第三段提到的：There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this，

代词this回指前面的job searching programs，也就是搜索代理。

23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, 23. “tip service”（第三段第四行）

Paragraph 3) most probably means . 最可能的含义是 。

[A] advisory [A] 忠告

[B] compensation [B] 补贴

[C] interaction [C] 互动

[D] reminder [D] 提示

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。

直接定位到文章第三段，理解这个新词汇要联系其上下文。上文谈到搜索代理都不会有

隐含的求职建议。instead转折之后，下文对这个词汇进行了解释：when you get E-mail,

consider it a reminder to check the database again（最佳策略是把“代理”当作一种提示性服务，

来及时跟踪一个特定数据库里的工作信息），tip service与reminder前后呼应。

24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer 24. 为什么求职网的代理每次只提供给求职者

each job hunter only three job 三项工作选择？

options?

[A] To focus on better job matches. [A] 为了集中在更好的相匹配的工作上。

[B] To attract more returning visits. [B] 为了吸引更多人回访。

[C] To reserve space for more messages. [C] 为了保存更多的信息空间。

[D] To increase the rate of success. [D] 为了提高成功的几率。

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：写作意图题。

第四段第二句中的for example非常重要。考生应注意：在阅读中，举例必然是为了说

17

明一个论点，这个论点可以在举例之前或之后指出。那么第四段举求职网的例子就是为了说

明首句：Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return（一些网站在“代理”的程序

设计上考虑让它诱使求职者回访网站）。接下来的内容具体说明了是怎样诱使的：求职者为

了查找数据库中更多的匹配项，不得不回访这个网站。

25. Which of the following is true 25. 根据文章内容，下面哪一个是正确

according to the text? 的说法？

[A] Personal search agents are indisp- [A] 个人搜索代理对于找工作的人来说是

ensable to job-hunters. 必不可少的。

[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers [B] 一些网站不断地给求职者发电子邮

to trace their demands. 件，以便发现它们的需求。

[C] Personal search agents are also [C] 个人搜索代理对于那些已经找到工

helpful to those already employed. 作的人来说也有用处。

[D] Some agents stop sending information [D] 一旦人们找到工作，一些代理就

to people once they are employed. 停止给他们发送信息。

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

这种题型有一定难度，它要求考生对全文有综合性的理解。因此在解题时经常是排除和

定位法相结合。第五段首句提到：即使那些不找工作的人也会觉得“搜索代理”有用。因此C

选项正确。文章提出了搜索代理的缺点，指出最好只是把它当作一种提示性服务，因此它不

是必不可少的，排除A选项；文章只在第五段首句提到“一些人利用搜索代理（发来的电子

邮件）密切关注职业市场对于自己行业的需求情况”，排除B选项；从雷德曼的经历可以知

道，找到工作后还是可以继续使用搜索代理服务的，因此D选项也不对。

文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析：

①It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and

salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

该强调句的主干是：It is（an interactive feature ）that（lets… then E-mails…），强调主

语an interactive feature。That后面连接的是两个谓语动词结构：let sb. do sth.和名词活用为

动词的E-mails。Such as…结构举例说明job criteria，when引导的时间状语从句修饰整个句

子。

②Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs

in a particular database; when you get E-rnail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.

该句子分号前后是两个分句，后一分句对前一分句作进一步解释。前一分句的主干是：

the best strategy is to use the agent，as…介词短语结构意为“当做……”。不定式结构“to keep…”

表示目的。

③When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service,

for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches.

for example点明了这个句子和前一句之间的关系：举例说明前面一句话。该句子的主

干是：it includes three potential jobs。When引导时间状语从句。破折号后是potential jobs的

同位语，中心词是those，后面接定语从句。句之中的it回指CareerSite’s agent。

④Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather

information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.

该句子的主干是Some use them，两个并列的不定式结构to keep…or gather…在句子中

18

做目的状语。在第二个目的状语中又含有一个表目的的不定式短语to arm…。

佳句赏析：

Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says.

Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

在这组句子中使用了keep one’s eyes open这个习惯表达。由于该短语非常形象化，作者

又再次使用了eyes这个形象having another set of eyes looking out for you，来表达人们应该时

刻关注新的信息。

核心词汇与超纲词汇

（1）stumbled（n./v.）绊倒，使绊跌 ~ across/on/upon偶然找到，无意中发现

（2）notification（n./v.）通知（书），布告, 告示；notify（v.）（用正式信件）通知

（3）strike（v.）邂逅，发现 ~ gold 发现金子

（4）criteria（n.）criterion的复数形式，(批评判断的)标准, 规范

（5）counseling（n.）（对个人、社会以及心理等问题的）咨询服务 counsel （v.）提出

建议，劝告；推荐，介绍

（6）abreast （adv.）并肩，并列；最新，赶得上 keeping abreast of the latest developments.

及时了解最新动态

从这篇文章可以看出，考生不能只局限于掌握基本的大纲词汇，平时也应该有意识地搜

集随着新事物、新现象而出现的新词汇、专业词汇。

计算机专业词汇：

（1）database（n.）数据库，资料库

（2）search agent 搜索代理

（3）interactive 交互性

（4）key in 键入

（5）post 粘贴（帖子）

（6）keywords 关键词

（7）repeated visits 回访

（8）matches 匹配项

求职专业词汇：

（1）title称号，头衔

（2）opening有空缺的工作或职位

（3）in-house counsel机构内部的律师

（4）raise 加薪

（5）negotiate谈判；协商；商谈 ~ with someone about something

（6）compensation赔偿（金）［美］薪水，工资（for）

其他专业词汇：

（1）intellectual property 知识产权

Part A Text 2 A部分 第二篇

Text 2全文翻译

在过去的一个世纪里，各种各样的不平等待遇和歧视都已经受到人们的谴责或被视为违

法。但是，有一种隐蔽的不公平待遇却继续盛行：字母排序。对于那些还没有意识到存在这

19

种不公平待遇的人，可以这么向他们解释：它指的是歧视那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠

后的人。（长难句①）

人们早就知道，当乘客翻电话薄叫出租车时，一家名为“AAAA汽车”的出租车公司远

比另一家名为“Zodiac汽车”的公司占有优势。而少为人知的是，名为Adam或 Abbott的人

在生活中要比名为Zoe或Zysman的人有优势。英语名字在字母表的前、后部分是很均匀地

分布的，但令人不敢相信的是大部分的杰出人物的姓氏字母却都排在了A到K之间。

因此，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏字母分别以B和C开头，而乔治·布什的祖先中，有

26位姓氏字母排在了字母表的前半部分，只有16位排在了后半部分。（长难句②）更令人

吃惊的是，七个富裕国的政府首脑中，六位具有字母排序的优势，他们分别是：贝波鲁斯科

尼、布莱尔、布什、希拉克、科利汀和小泉。世界三大中央银行行长的姓氏也排在了字母表

前面，即使其中一位用的是日本名字，他们分别是：格林斯潘、迪森伯格和河野。世界上最

富裕的五个人也是这样，（佳句）他们的名字分别是：盖茨、巴菲特、艾伦、埃利森和阿尔

布雷克特。

难道这仅仅只是巧合吗？有一种理论是那些在字母排序中处于劣势的人闲暇之余臆造

出来的。它认为这种不平等待遇早就存在了。在幼儿园的第一学期里，老师把学生按姓氏的

字母顺序从前往后排座位，以便更容易记住他们的名字。因此一些近视的、姓氏字母排后的

学生就固定在后面几排了。而一些粗心的老师很少向这些孩子提问，提问其实有利于他们智

力的提高。这时，这些字母排序中处于劣势的孩子还认为自己有幸逃脱了提问。然而，结果

却造成了能力的差异，因为这些孩子受到的关注要少，在公开表达自己时更缺乏信心。

还有这种让人感到羞辱的情况。在大学毕业典礼上，姓氏字母排前的学生先得到奖励，

而轮到那些姓氏字母靠后的人时，大多数参加者差不多都在打鼾了。在求职面试的最后名单

里，在投票选举单上，在与会发言人和参加者名单中……往往都是按照字母先后顺序的排

列，等到拿着这些名单的人费劲地从头看到尾时，他们早已经失去了兴趣。（长难句③）

文章脉络分析

文章介绍了社会上存在的一种隐蔽的不平等现象：按字母排序。作者采用了下定义、举

例子、假设等多种写作手法，详细透彻地分析了一个我们也许从未意识到的社会问题。

第一段：给“字母排序现象”下定义：对那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人的歧视。

第二、三段：举例说明社会上存在的字母排序现象。

第四段：提出一种理论来解释字母排序现象的起源。

第五段：进一步举例说明字母排序现象在人类生活中普遍存在。

题目具体解析

26. What does the author intend to illustrate 26. 作者借用“AAAA汽车”和“Zodiac汽

with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? 车”的例子来说明什么?

[A] A kind of overlooked inequality. [A] 一种被人们忽视的不平等现象。

[B] A type of conspicuous bias. [B] 一种显而易见的偏见。

[C] A type of personal prejudice. [C] 一种个人偏见。

[D] A kind of brand discrimination. [D] 一种品牌上的歧视。

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：写作意图题。

根据题干中给出的信息“AAAA cars” 和“Zodiac cars”迅速定位到文章第二段首句：当乘

客翻电话薄叫出租车时，一家名为“AAAA汽车”的出租车公司远比另一家名为“Zodiac汽车”

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