2024年3月13日发(作者：)

Chapter 1

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are the design features of language?

The features that define our human language can be called Design Features.

is Arbitrariness?

Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs(symbol forms) bear no natural

relationship to their meaning.

are onomatopoeia words?

Words that sound like the sounds they describe.

do you understand of clauses language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level?

The order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules,and there is a certain degree of

correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings.

is duality?

By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary

level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own

principles of organization.(Lyons)

is the advantage of duality?

It lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with.A large number of different

units can be formed out of a small number of out of the huge number of words,there

can be endless number of sentences,which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.

do you understand language is a system?

In terms of internal structure,language is are 6

sounds,morpheme,word,phrase,sentence,text.

is creativity?

By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(Chomsky

Noam).The recursiveness refers to the potential of language to create endless sentences.

is displacement?

Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and

concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.

is the benefit of displacement?

Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and

abstractions.

are the 3 theory concerning to the origin of language?

First,the divine origin theory:Language is created by God.

Second,the invention theory:Language is created by man.(The bow-wow theory拟声说the

evidence is onomatopoeic words.The pooh-pooh theory感叹说the evidence is

interjectionsThe yo-ho-yo theory劳动喊声说some rhythmic grunt.)

Third,the evolutionary theory:when men involved in a certain degree,they have the cognitive

are two basices:Psychical basic(speech organ) and social basises(cooperate

communication ),then language came into being.

are the seven functions of language?

Informative信息功能,Interpersonal人际，Performative施为，Emotion感情，Phatic communion

交感,recreational娱乐，meta-lingual元语言。

are the six factors of speech event?

Speaker、addressee(listener)、context、message、code、contact(Jakobson)

Speech event is consisted of two or more than two speech acts.

are the metafuntions of language?

Halliday think language has ideational,interpersonal and textual functions.

is informative/interpersonal/performative/emotion/expressive/phatic/recreational

meta-lingual function?

When language is used to record the facts or to reason things out,it serves the informative

function.(ideational function)

When language is used to establish and maintain people’s status in a society,it serves the

interpersonal function.

Austin and Searle think when language is used to perform acts or do things,it serves the

performative function

When language is used to change the emotional status of an audience for or against sb or

sth.(Crystal).The expressive function can often be entirely personal and totally without any

implication of communication to others.

Malinowski think that when language is used to maintain a comfortable relationship between

people without involving any factual content.(Greeting,farewells,compliments,comments on

weather,invitations)

When language is used for the hearty joy of using it,it serves the recreational function.

When language is used to talk about itself,it serves the meta-lingual function.

is linguistic? How it classified?

Linguistic is the scientific study of classified into two parts:Micro-linguistic(general

linguistic)普通语言学 is a study of internal structure of language；Macro-linguistic is a study of

language in connection with other disciplines.

is Phonetics?(语音学）language

Phonetics studies speech sounds,including the production of speech,that is,how speech sounds are

actually made,transmitted and received,the description and classification of speech sounds,words

and connected speech, are three latory phonetics(发音语音学）is a study

of organs and how they move to produce speech ic phonetics（声学语音学）

investigate the properties of the sound ry phonetics(听觉语言学）focus on the way

in which a listener analyses or processes a sound wave.

is phonology?(音位学）language

Phonology studies the rules governing the structure,distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds

and the shape of deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the

point of departure.

Phoneme(45个) is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.

is morphology?(形态学）words

Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of studies the minimal units of

meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.

Morphemes refer to the minimal units of meaning.

do you study morphological morphemes?

is syntax(grammar)?（句法）sentence

Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.