2024年2月16日发(作者：)

2018年医学考博英语阅读理解全解及详解

Passage One

When Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he

says he’s "a translator between two hostile tribes—the education world and the

business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.

Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People

Who Will Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently

"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace".

【本节高频词汇】

hostile adj.敌对的

K12---kindergarten through twelfth grade的简写，是指从幼儿园（Kindergarten，通常5-6岁）到十二年级（Grade Twelve，通常17-18岁），这两个年纪是美国、澳大利亚及英国、加拿大的免费教育头尾的两个年级，K-12是国际上对基础教育的统称。

Track：n、v 轨道，追踪，走。

【本节翻译】

托尼•华格纳是哈佛教育专家。在描述自己现在的工作的时候，他说自己是"两个敌对部落的译者''，即教育界和商界，有人为人们教育孩童,有人为人们提供工作。华格纳在自己的《创造革新者:改变世界的年轻人》一书中称,K12和大学教育并没有相应“增加价值，并教授在市场上最重要的技能"。

his book, Wagner argues that .

education world are hostile to our kids

business world are hostile to those seeking jobs

business world are too demanding on the education world

education world should teach what the marketplace demands

详解：【D】细节题。题目问的是华格纳在书中论述了。回归原文：K12和大学教育并没有相应"增加价值,并教授在市场上最重要的技巧”。A项“教育界同儿童敌对”；B项“市场同找工作的人敌对”；C项“市场对教育界的要求极高”；D项“教育界应该教授市场所需内容”。 根据题意,D项符合，故选D。

This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a

high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last

generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high- skilled job. Every middle-class job

today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more

skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried——made

obsolete- faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner,

should not be to make every child “ college ready" but “ innovation ready”—ready to

add value to whatever they do.

【本节高频词汇】

Pull up拔起；停下来；阻止

Pull down 摧毁，推翻；拉下来；使……下跌

Pull out 离开，撤离；拔出；渡过难关；恢复健康

Obsolete adj.废弃的；老式的;n.废词；陈腐的人

【本节翻译】

这是十分危险的，尤其是高薪、中等技能工作越来越少了一这是维持上一代中产阶级的工作。如今，只有高薪、高技能的工作。每个中产阶级的工作正以比以往任何时候都快的速度停止、消失或降低。 也就是说，它要么要求更多的技能，要么世界上更多的人能够完成它，要么被埋葬、被淘汰，这是比以往任何时候都发展迅速的事情。这也就是为什么华格纳 认为现在教育的目标不应该是使孩子都"准备好上大 学"，而是''准备好革新"，也就是为他们将来要做的事情增添价值。

That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,"

he said via e-mail, "because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected

device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.

The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new

possibilities to life—and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration

are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, 'We can

teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but

we cann’t teach them how to think——to ask the right questions—and to take

initiative. ”

【本节高频词汇】

track down跟踪到,追查到

elaborate adj.精细阐述的，详细描述的

executive adj. 经营管理的；有执行权的；n. 主管；行政领导；

【本节翻译】

这是艰难的任务。我找到华格纳，请他详细说明。他在邮件里写道，"今天因为知识在每个有网络的设备上随处可见，因此，'你知道'这件事的重要性远比不

上你能为自己所知道的事做什么重要。创新的能力，也就是创造性地解决问题或为生活提供新可能的能力和技巧，如批判性思维、沟通和合作远比学术知识重要。就像一位高管告诉我的，'我们能教新员工知识。我们也会这么做，因为知识总在不断变化。但是我们无法教他们如何思考，如何提出正确的问题， 如何主动行动'”

does the “ tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?

ning the middle class.

high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.

ng from “college ready” to " innovation ready”.

ting middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.

详解：【C】细节题。题目问的是第三段中"艰难的任务" 指什么。回归原文：That is a tall task，that指的是文中第二段结尾（Which is why the goal of education

today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “ college ready" but

“ innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.）提到教育目标要从'‘准 备好上大学”到''准备好创新”转变。接着第三段开始说这是一项"艰难的任务”。随后，文章围绕 这“艰难的任务'‘讲述职场对人们能力的要求。C 项符合题意,故选C。

is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?

hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.

dge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.

ic knowledge is still the most important to teach.

vity and skills matter more than knowledge.

详解：【D］主旨题。题目问的是华格纳邮件中主要表达了什么。回归原文：第三段的邮件中即双引号的中内容：提到创新能力比学术知识重要，论述也是围绕这一观点展开，故选D。

My generation had it easy. We got to “find" a job. But, more than ever, our kids

will have to “ invent" a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the

pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that

job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.

【本节高频词汇】

given

adj. 赠予的；沉溺的；规定的prep. 考虑到v. 给予

advance in

进步；改进

【本节翻译】

我们这一代比较容易。我们是"找”一份工作。 但是，我们的孩子比以往任何时候都需要''创造”工作。当然，幸运的孩子会找到他们的第一份工作，但是考虑到当今变化的速度，且如果想有所作为，他们就不得不重新开发、重新规划和重新思考这份工作。

is implied in the fourth paragraph?

favor the lucky ones in every generation.

changed slowly in the author’s generation.

author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.

was easy for the author’s generation to find their first jobs.

详解：［D］推断题。题目问的是第四段表明了下列哪一项。回归原文：幸运的人会找到第一份工作，而不是工作青睐幸运儿。A项不正确；B项与文中表述相悖，不正 确;C项为易错项，文中所说的容易是指工作而不是生活,C项不正确；D项符合题意，故选D。

“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world," Wagner said, "

and it is the only country where students leave high school ' innovation-ready'. They

learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many

electives——all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing.

There are a growing number of 'reinvented' colleges like the Olin College of

Engineering, the M. I. T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn

to innovate.

“芬兰是世界上最具创新的经济体之一”，华格纳说,"也是学生离幵高中就'准备好创新'的唯一国家,他们更多的学习理念和创造力，而不是事实。他们拥有更多的选修课，上学时间更短，几乎没有作业和考试。'再创造'型大学越来越多，如欧林工程学院，麻省理工学院媒体实验室和斯坦福设计学校，以供学生学习创新”。

is the purpose of the last paragraph?

orient future education.

exemplify the necessary shift in education.

draw a conclusion about the shift in education.

criticize some colleges for their practices in education.

详解：【B］推断题。题目问的是最后一段的目的是什么。回归原文：芬兰为例， 最后提到越来越多的学院在教育上注重创新。因此是说明教育转变的必要。B项符合题意，故选B。

【本文大意】

本文主要讲述的是学校教育所教授的内容同将来工作中所需的技能不一致的现象。文章呼吁学校教育应以创新为导向，旨在培养创新人才以应对将来的工作，而不是以学术知识为导向。

【本章高频词汇】

hostile adj.敌对的

K12---kindergarten through twelfth grade的简写，是指从幼儿园（Kindergarten，通常5-6岁）到十二年级（Grade Twelve，通常17-18岁），这两个年纪是美国、澳大利亚及英国、加拿大的免费教育头尾的两个年级，K-12是国际上对基础教育的统称。

Track：n、v 轨道，追踪，走。

Pull up拔起；停下来；阻止

Pull down 摧毁，推翻；拉下来；使……下跌

Pull out 离开，撤离；拔出；渡过难关；恢复健康

Obsolete adj.废弃的；老式的;n.废词；陈腐的人

track down跟踪到,追查到

elaborate adj.精细阐述的，详细描述的

executive adj. 经营管理的；有执行权的；n. 主管；行政领导；

given adj. 赠予的；沉溺的；规定的prep. 考虑到v. 给予

advance in 进步；改进

exemplify v,举例说明，例证

Passage Two

For 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of

solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the

planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust

particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some

wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.

【本节词汇】

constant

adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的n. [数] 常数；恒量

absorb

吸收，吸取

Scatter

v. 撒播；散开；（棒球）有效投（球）n. 零星散布的东西；离差；散射

【本节翻译】

150年来,科学家试图确定太阳能常数，和到达地球的太阳能总量。然而，即使在地球上最无云的区域，也很难准确测出太阳能常数。大气中的气体分子和尘埃颗粒会吸收和散射阳光,并阻止特定波长的光线到达地面。

With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure

the Sun,s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a

satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA), has been

measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the

satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was

repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max’ s observations

indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.

【本节词汇】

impede

vt. 阻碍；妨碍；阻止

space shuffle航天飞机（往返于地球和太空站之间运载人和物资的）

malfunction n.发生故障，故障

【本节翻译】

然而，随着卫星的出现，科学家们终于能够在不受地球大气层影响的情况下测量太阳的产能了。自 1980年2月以来，美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的一颗卫星“太阳能马克斯"一直在测量太阳的产能。尽管卫星控制系统的故障限制了它的观测达数年，但这颗卫星在1984年由乘坐航天飞机进入太空的宇航员在轨道上修复。"太阳能马克斯”的观察表明太阳能常数并不是恒定不变的。

is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a

satellite?

The Earth is too far from the Sun.

Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.

There is not enough sunlight during the day.

The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.

解析：【D】细节题。题目问的是为什么没有卫星就不可能准确测量太阳能常数。回归原文:第一段讲Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb

and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the

ground，以及第二段首句提到With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have

finally been able to measure the Sun,s output without being impeded by the Earth’s

atmosphere.得知没有卫星之前受 atmosphere 影响不能监测，satellite出现以后就可以了，D项符合表述，故选D。

The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s

energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean

energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these

fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of

sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface

that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit

cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar

constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example,

Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the

Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area

20 times larger than the Earth' s surface.

【本节词汇】

detect,发现，探测

sunspot n.太阳黑子

magnetic adj.有磁性負有吸引力的

fluctuation n.起伏，波动

Register n. 登记表；登记员；v. 登记；挂号邮寄；表达（意见或情感）；

coincided with 符合;与 相一致

【本节翻译】

卫星的仪器探测到太阳能量输出的频繁而微小的变化，一般不超过太阳平均能量输出的0.05%，持续数天到数周。科学家们认为，这些波动与太阳圆面上大量太阳黑子的出现和消失相吻合。太阳黑子是太阳表面相对较暗的区域，它有着强大的磁场，温度比太阳表面的其他部分温度低约2000华氏度。太阳能常数的巨大波动正好与大型太阳黑子群的观测相吻合。例如，在1980年，太阳能马克斯的仪器记录了到达地球的太阳能下降了0.3个百分点。在那个时候, 一个太阳黑子群覆盖了大约06%的太阳圆面,这个面积是地球表面的20倍。

ing to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are

related to

t activity

l weather patterns

sed levels of dust

ations in the Earth’ s temperature

解析：【A】细节题。回归原文第第三段"科学家们认为，这些波动与太阳圆面上大量太阳黑子的出现和消失相吻合"可知，A项正确。第一段和第二段提到在没有卫星之前，地球大气层影响太阳能常数测量，大气中的气体分子和尘埃颗粒吸收并散射阳光，并阻止特定波长的光线到达地面。因此C项不正确。B项和D项未提到，为干扰项，故选A。

Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine.

Although Solar Max' s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's

output, some scientists have thought that the satellite' s aging detectors might have

become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar

constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max' s

observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus’

weather satellite since 1978.

【本节翻译】

Dismiss

vt. 解散；解雇；开除；让...离开；不予理会、不予考虑

【本节翻译】

太阳能常数的长期变化更难以确定。尽管"太阳能马克斯”的数据表明太阳输出量缓慢而稳定,但一些科学家认为，卫星老化探测器在过去的几年里可能变得不那么灵敏了，因此错误地表明了太阳能常数的下降。然而，通过将“太阳能马克斯''的观察同自1978 年以来在美国国家航空航天局的Nimbus 气象卫星上运行的类似仪器的数据进行比较，这种可能性被忽略了。

68. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable

information?

A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.

B. Solar Max' s instruments were getting old.

C. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max' s instruments.

D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.

解析：B】细节题。题目问的是为什么科学家认为“太 阳能马克斯"也许给出了不可靠的信息。回归原文提到：“但一些科学家认为，卫星老化探测器在过去的几 年里可能变得不那么灵敏了，因此错误地表明了 太阳能常数的下降”可知，B项正确，故选B。

attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as .

A. an ongoing research effort

B. a question that can never be answered

C. an issue that has been resolved

D. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns

解析：【A】推断题。题目问的是对太阳能常数的尝试最好被描述为 A项“正在努力进行的研究"；B项"永无答案的问题”；C项“已经被解决的问题"；D项“从历史角度来说有意思，但是同 当今的问题无关”。根据文章所述，对于太阳能常 数的研究是一直在尝试的事情。B项的never太绝对;C、D项不符合文章所述;故选A。

70. What does this passage mainly discuss?

A. The components of the Earth’s atmosphere.

B. The launching of a weather satellite.

C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant.

D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.

解析：【C】主旨题。题目问的是文章主要讨论了什么。 A项''地球大气层的组成”；B项“一颗天气卫星 的发射"；C项"太阳能常数变量的测量"；D项 “太阳光和大气污染的相互作用”。因为文章主 题是太阳能常数的测量及变化，因此C项为文章 主题，故选C。

【本文高频词汇】

impede

vt. 阻碍；妨碍；阻止

space shuffle航天飞机（往返于地球和太空站之间运载人和物资的）

malfunction n.发生故障，故障

Dismiss

vt. 解散；解雇；开除；让...离开；不予理会、不予考虑

detect,发现，探测

sunspot n.太阳黑子

magnetic adj.有磁性負有吸引力的

fluctuation n.起伏，波动

Register n. 登记表；登记员；v. 登记；挂号邮寄；表达（意见或情感）；

coincided with 符合;与 相一致

【全文概要】

本文主要讲述的是太阳能常数难以确定。卫星 "太阳能马克斯”号的数据表明太阳能常数并不是恒定不变的，而是下降了。

Passage Three

Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the

basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as

radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades

mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by

the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of

a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and

inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed ”stratified （分层的）”

or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of

medicine and service delivery.

【本节词汇】

Refine

vt. 精炼，提纯；改善；使…文雅

diagnosis n.诊断

genomic adj.基因组的，染色体的

biomarker n.生物标志物

tune V.调整,使一致

Delivery 交付，分娩，递送

【本节翻译】

辅以如放射或生化检查等调查，熟练的临床病史 记录和体检仍然是疾病诊断和管理的基础。过去几十年的技术进步意味着，通过对基因或基因组生物标志物的测量,这些研究现在可以得到改进，甚至在某些情况下被取代。一种疾病的分子特征或个体的基因组成可以很好地调整诊断并告知其管理者。这些新功能通常被称为"分层的”或“个性化”药物，可能对药品和服务交付产生深远的影响。

of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?

alized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.

c biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.

al examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.

al history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.

解析：【A】推断题。题目问的是下列哪项陈述是作者最可能同意的。原文回归：第一段中提到了 "通过对基因或基因组生物标志物的测量，研究现在可以得到改进”，而不是B项说的"已经被广泛改良”；第一段提到"这些研究……甚至在某些情况下被取代”，因此C项错误;第一段提到“临床病史是诊断和管理的基础”，并非D项所说的不再重要。故选A。

Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has,

until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who

have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most

disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic

tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective

interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across

healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population,

physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.

【本节词汇】

component n.成分，组件

subset

n.子集；子设备；小团体

Integrate n. 一体化；adj. 整合的；v. 取消隔离；成为一体；使…完整

vt. 垄断；独占；拥有…的专卖权

【本节翻译】

遗传医学是使用遗传或基因组生物标志物的方式,近来成为少数专业医生用来诊断或评估遗传性疾病风险的领域。认识到大多数疾病都有遗传成分，开发和应用新的遗传测试来识别重要的疾病亚群，以及有效的成本效益干预措施，

也就意味着遗传医学必须在医疗服务中更广泛地集成。为了在人群中公平地优化利益，医生和服务机构需要准备好改变和适应新的工作方式。

, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?

can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.

has been widely recognized among the physicians.

necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.

is d by a small minority of specialized physicians.

解析：【C】推断题。题目问的是根据文章第二段，下列关于遗传医学的表述哪一项正确。回归原文第二段还提到大多数疾病都有遗传成分，而不是所有疾病，因此不能推断所有疾病都能通过遗传医学解决;第二段段尾提到医生和服务需要准备好改变和适应新的工作方式，故选C

Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these

genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated

into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in

clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do

not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving

genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also

means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic

information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s

entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be,

and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is

reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.

【本节词汇】

readiness n.迅速，准备就绪

perceive v.感到，感知

Portray vt 描绘，扮演；portrayal n 描绘，画像，肖像

Incorporate

vt. 包含，吸收，纳入；体现；把……合并

mainstream主流的

clear-cut

清晰的，明确的

Crystal

水晶的

【本节翻译】

也许最大的挑战是确保医生准备好使用这些基因组技术以达到最大的效果，以便将遗传医学纳入主流专业。对于一些临床医师，特别是那些参与临床研究的医生来说，这些进步已经成为现实。然而，相当一部分人还没意识到临床实践中基因的相关性，因而感知遗传疾病是罕见的，并且无法治疗。最大化基因组机会也意味着要意识到它们的局限性，媒体刻画的是，基因信息给出明确答

案的描述往往不切实际。事实上，了解一个人的全部基因组序列并不是我们预测未来的水晶球，对于基因成功融入主流医学，医生需要更熟悉什么是鼓吹，什么是现实。

future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in .

greater potential of treating rare diseases

greater efforts in the relevant clinical research

greater preparedness of the physicians to employ them

greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals

解析：【B］细节题。题目问的是基因组技术的未来在很大程度上取决于 。A项“治疗罕见疾病更大的可能性”；B项“相关临床研究更多的努 力”；C项“医生对其使用的更好准备”；D项“媒 体刻画中他们利益的最大宣传”。第三段提到然 而相当多数还没意识到临床实践中基因的相关性，因而感知遗传疾病是罕见的，并且无法治疗， 最大化基因组机会也意味着要意识到它们的局限性,媒体刻画的是，基因信息给出明确答案的描述往往不切实际，可见A、D不正确；第三段还提到 也许最大的挑战是确保医生准备好使用这些基因组技术以达到最大的效果,C项错误;第三段提到的对于一些临床医生，特别是那些参与临床研究的医生来说，这些进步已经成为现实，可知是取决于相关临床研究所付出的更多努力，故选B。

Finally, both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is

possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as

heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the

predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in

bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a

particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for

them.

【本节词汇】

bioinformatics生物信息学

considerablyadj. 相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的

【本节翻译】

最后,专业人士和公众都应该对什么是可能的有一个实际的认知。尽管对心脏病和癌症等常见疾病的遗传风险因素的发现导致了对疾病机制的重要认识,但单个遗传变异的预测能力通常非常低。生物信息学的发展需要有相当大的演变，才能识别出个体中某一特定的遗传变异组合，使其具有临床应用价值。

the last paragraph, the author cautions against .

stimation of the importance of the genetic risk factors

istic expectation of the genetic predicative power

of genetic medicine in treating common diseases

cted evolution of the bioinformatics

解析：【B】推断题。题目问的是最后一段中，作者警告 。A项"低估了遗传风险因素的重要性”；B项“对遗传预测能力的不切实际的期望”； C项“滥用基因药物治疗常见病”；D项“生物信息学的意外进化”。最后一段中提到“专业人士 和公众都应该对什么是可能的有一个实际的认 知"，B项正确，故选B。

of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?

c medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.

c medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.

c medicine will exert great influence on medicine.

c medicine is defined as " stratified" medicine.

解析：【C］主旨题。题目问的是哪一项最能总结文章主旨。全文是围绕遗传医学展幵的:首先是介绍；其次提到它纳入主流医学的阻碍、可能条件，表示会对现存的医学产生重大影 响;最后呼吁要对遗传预测能力有个现实看法，故 选C。

【本文高频词汇】

component n.成分，组件

subset

n.子集；子设备；小团体

Integrate n. 一体化；adj. 整合的；v. 取消隔离；成为一体；使…完整

vt. 垄断；独占；拥有…的专卖权

readiness n.迅速，准备就绪

perceive v.感到，感知

Portray vt 描绘，扮演；

portrayal n 描绘，画像，肖像

Incorporate

vt. 包含，吸收，纳入；体现；把……合并

mainstream主流的

clear-cut

清晰的，明确的

Crystal

水晶的

bioinformatics生物信息学

considerablyadj.

相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的

【全文概要】

本文主要讲述的是遗传医学。文章介绍了遗传医学以及其纳入主流医学的阻碍和条件。

Passage Four

Misconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news

tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism

for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions （违法）occur relatively rarely.

Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate

relationship between a faculty member and a student.

Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual

harassment or appropriation of students’ work to fail in their responsibility to their

charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as

falling down on the job.

【本两节词汇】

plagiarism n剽窃；剽窃物

misconduct n.不端行为，处理不当

infraction n.犯罪

intimate adj.亲密的，私人的

Faculty n系、科；能力，全体教员

Egregious a.惊人的，过分；恶名昭彰的

sexual harassment 性骚扰

appropriation

n. 拨款；挪用

Mentor

n指导者

【本节翻译】

学术不端这个词一直萦绕在教授的脑海中。新闻中的事件往往描述了最严重的违反学术标准的行为，比如捏造数据的剽窃行为。但这些引人瞩目的违法行为发生相对很少。更常见的是由于师生之间亲密关系的一部分而发生的不当行为。

教师们不需要做出过分的行为，比如性骚扰或剽窃学生作品，才能导致他们指控自己不负责任。作为老师和导师被忽略也应该被视为在工作中的失职。

76.

What is implied in the first two paragraphs?

misconducts are widely exposed in the news.

high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.

frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.

violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.

解析：【C】推断题。题目问的是从第一段和第二段可以推断出什么。回归原文：根据第一段和第二段，新闻中的事件往往描述了最严重的违反学术标准的行为，但这些引人瞩目的违法行为发生相对很少，更常见的是由于师生之间亲

密关系的一部分而发生的不当行为，由此可知， C项正确，故选C。

What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement （强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty

members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely

being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advises, showing

favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,

belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students'

theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.

【本节词汇】

a host of

许多一大群大量众多

Diverge

vi. 分歧；偏离；分叉；离题vt. 使偏离；使分叉

Belittle vt轻视、贬低

Dissertation n 论文、专题、学术研究

Advisee 受教授指导选课的学生；学生

【本节翻译】

我们发现最有趣的是受访者缺乏对可疑行为的强烈反应。他们特别指出，教师们应该避免忽视教学和指导。其中包括经常上课迟到，经常跳过任命通知，显示出偏袒某些学生，对他们兴趣不同的人视而不见,在学生面前贬低同事，提供很少或没有反馈的学生论文，接受超出自己能力范围辅导大量的毕业生。

77.

What, in the respondents’ mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some

students?

is a serious high-profile infraction.

is an interesting but avoidable behavior.

is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.

is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.

解析：【D】细节题。题目问的是在受访者看来,偏袒某些学生的本质是什么。回归原文：第三段开始指出，受访者缺乏对可疑行为的强烈反应，因此，他们质疑这些行为，但认为这些行为不需遭受惩罚，故选D。

The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to

teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young

scientists-in-training to the same neglect.

【本节词汇】

Subject to 使服从；使遭受；受---管教；

【本节翻译】

大多数美国教师都没有接受过如何教学的指导。这些反馈表明，他们也让那些接受培训的年轻科硏工作者受到了同样的忽视。

78.

The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be

ascribed to .

A. their offering more courses than they can handle

B. their paying little attention to the students’ feedback

C. their receiving inadequate education in how to teach

D. their lacking interest in the areas other than their own

解析：【C】细节题。题目问的是教师疏忽教学和指导可以归因于 回归原文：第四段提到,绝大多数美国教师都没有接受过如何教学的指导，这些回答表明，他们也让那些接受培训的年轻科学家受到了同样的忽视。C答案正确，故选C

To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current

and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.

For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions

and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct

and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.

为了解决这一系统性问题,我们必须更好地通过硏讨会让当前和下一代科学家了解正确的指导规则。 例如，在线课堂。通过为学生举报违规行为制定行为准则和明确机制，学科团体、机构和个别部门可以发挥很大作用。

79.

Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic

issue?

A. Development of codes of conduct.

B. Exposure of online misconducts.

C. Education about the rules of proper mentoring.

D. Development of clear mechanism for reporting.

解析：【B］细节题。题目问的是下列哪项不是解决系统问题的方式。回归原文：第五段指出，为了解决这一系统性问题,我们必须更好地通过研讨会让当前和下一代科学家了解正确的指导规则。例如，在线课堂。通过为学生举报违规行为制定行为准则和明确机制，学科团体、机构和个别部门可以发挥很大作用。由此可知，A、C、D正确，故选B。

The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but "

inadequate teaching" can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for

academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these

rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within

15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of

their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.

To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should

establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees

that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students

and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the

faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,

such as for tenure applications.

【本两节词汇】

Spot vt n. 地点；斑点；vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射

Stipulate vi. 规定；保证vt. 规定；保证

oral defense 论文答辩

fall short 不符合标准

Integrity n.诚实，正直，廉正

tenure v.授予终身职位，任期，占有

laid out 布局、规定，喝醉了的，安排，陈列

【本节翻译】

最严重的行为相对容易发现和处理，但“学术不端”可能是主观的。尽管如此,如果大学为学者们制定具体的规范，那么真正的不当行为情况将更容易被发现。例如，这些规定可能规定教授必须在15天内对初稿进行实质性反馈，在学生为论文答辩时提供不只是负面反馈,还要有其他指导,或者定期回答问题。

为了应对那些一贯达不到要求的教员，大学应该建立教学诚信委员会，类似于处理学术不端问题的研究诚信委员会。这些机构可以收到学生的报告，并遵循《教师手册〉中规定的适当程序或者简单采用其他委员会相同的流程（如终身教职申请）来决定釆取什么行动。

is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?

approaches to addressing the problems of "inadequate teaching".

specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.

different committees dealing with " inadequate teaching".

codes of conduct for the students to report violations.

解析：【A】主旨题。题目问的是最后两段主要讨论了什么。A项“解决，教学不当'问题的途径”；B项 “针对一贯达不到标准的人，制定了具体的处罚规

定"；C项"处理，教学不当'的不同委员会”；D项 “学生举报违规行为的行为准

则"。最后两段提 出“教学不当”可能带有主观性，随后提出各种方 式来解决这个问题，因此主要讨论的是"教学不 当”的解决途径，故选A

【本文高频词汇】

plagiarism n剽窃；剽窃物

misconduct n.不端行为，处理不当

infraction n.犯罪

intimate adj.亲密的，私人的

Faculty n系、科；能力，全体教员

Egregious a.惊人的，过分；恶名昭彰的

sexual harassment 性骚扰

appropriation

n. 拨款；挪用

Mentor

n指导者

a host of

许多一大群大量众多

Diverge

vi. 分歧；偏离；分叉；离题vt. 使偏离；使分叉

Belittle

vt轻视、贬低

Dissertation

n 论文、专题、学术研究

Advisee

受教授指导选课的学生；学生

inadequate

adj.不无分的，不适当的

stipulate

v.规定，保证

tenure

v.授予 终身职位

Subject to

使服从；使遭受；受---管教；

Spot vt

n. 地点；斑点；vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射

Stipulate

vi. 规定；保证vt. 规定；保证

oral defense

论文答辩

fall short

不符合标准

Integrity n.诚实，正直，廉正

tenure

v.授予终身职位，任期，占有

laid out

布局、规定，喝醉了的，安排，陈列

【全文概要】

本文讲述教学不当及其相应的解决方式。

Passage Five

Is the profession of medicine in retreat? I' m reminded of this with September

welcoming a new influx（流入） of medical students. A handful of them may be

some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of

Medicine （RSM） earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medi-cine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is a profession that allows you to pursue

many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any

medical school’ s intake.

【本节词汇】

influx n.流入，汇集

A handful of 少量的，一小部分

cater for 迎合，满足，为--提供所需

constitute v.组成，构成

intake n.摄取量，通风口

【本节翻译】

最近医学职业正在衰落吗？在9月份欢迎新进的医学生时,我想起了这个问题。他们中的一些人可能是今年早些时候参加了皇家医学学会（RSM）的热心人 士，讨论关于为什么应该选择医学职业。我说,选择医学，因为这是一个职业，让你可以追求许多不同的道路，满足了构成任何医学院入学需要的各种个性。

But I' m beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that

will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I'm

questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.

【本节翻译】

但我开始怀疑我是否误导了他们？不仅仅是那些会向他们敞开大门的机会，而且只会被他们自己的雄心和能力所限制。不，我质疑的是更基本的东西：将医学作为一种职业的看法。

does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students?

e he misinformed them in their choice.

e he worries about medicine as a profession.

e he questions their ambition and competence.

e he is not sure about their diverse personalities.

解析：【B】细节题。题目问的是为什么作者想知道他是否误导了未来的医科学生。回归原文：第二段最后一句提到作者质疑的是更基本的东西，即将医学作为一种职业的看法。因此直接得出B答案， 故选B。

Doctors have traditionally embellished （润色）their day jobs with roles, for

example, on medical committees, college councils, and faculties for conferences,

meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime

examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.

The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable

for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain

greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can

gain a competitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional

responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and

medicine as a factory job.

【本节词汇】

associate editors 副主编

Differentiator 区分者

【本节翻译】

医生传统上会用他们承担的角色来粉饰其工作。 例如，医学委员会、大学委员会、各种大小会议和培训课程。期刊主编和副主编是医生们为全职工作承担 额外责任的主要例子。

这些工作单位之外的兴趣和职位对于个人和聘用他们的机构来说是相当大的考虑因素。医疗机构获得更大的影响力，对更先进的理念和替代策略开放,并能获得竞争优势。医生们认为，这些额外的职责是区分将医学作为专业职业和作为工厂工作的一个重要区别。

of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors

taking on additional responsibilities?

positions. B. Greater influence.

C. Greater competitiveness. D. More exposure to new ideas.

解析：【A］细节题。题目问的是下列哪一项不是雇主因其医生承担额外责任而获益的。回归原文第四段提到，……机构获得更大的影响力，对新想法和替代策略开放，并能获得竞争优势，由此可见,A项不正确，故选A

Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has become common place, with the

European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More

troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning

to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake.

Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.

Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term

petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited

vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs（无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and

beaten into the shape of appropriate widget（装饰品）.

【本节词汇】

petty-minded 心地狭窄的

malfunctioning cogs无足轻重的成员

Wobbly 不稳定的，摆动的，歪斜的

Widget n装饰品，小部件

【本节翻译】

然而，时代在变化。"打卡”已成为一种普遍现象,欧洲的工作时间指令就是最明显的例子。对许多资深医生来说，更麻烦的是工作计划问题，它开始限制医生可以承担的额外角色和责任。医疗机构正在变得越来越合群,越来越不开明。

大多数医生会在这样的新体制中找到办法，但短期、小心眼的老板们开始将医生视为工厂工人。他们有限的视野认为医生是危险的独立分子，在他们摇摇晃晃的医疗机器中是无足轻重的成员，是被控制并打磨成合适的形状部件的物种。

is the most probable message from the passage?

employers are short-term petty-minded.

ne is becoming more like a factory job.

s’ role and responsibilities change all the time.

doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.

解析：【B］推断题。题目问的是下列哪一项最可能是文 章表达的信息。A项“大多数雇主都是目光短浅 的人"；B项“医生这份工作越来越像工厂的工 作”；C项“医生的角色和职责一直在变化”；D项 “高级医生面临着市场萎缩的挑战”。回归原文第六段中，短期、小心眼的老板们开始将医生视为工厂工人。他们有限的视野认为医生是危险的独立分子，在他们摇摇晃晃的医疗机器中是无足轻重的成员，是被控制并打磨成合适的形状部件的物种。 由此可知，医生被当作工厂工人，B项为正确答案，故选B。

Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it?

Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These

organizations will perceive little value in doctors spreading their wings and will treat

them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in

these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession

when its practitioners are forced to cower （畏缩）before number crunchers and bean

counters.

【本节词汇】

Enlighten vt启发，教导，开导

clocking on and off 打卡上下班

Timesheet 工时单

【本节翻译】

医学从来就不应该被这样的视野所控制，不是吗？最终失败的将是那些不那么开明的机构。这些机构认为医生大展拳脚没有什么价值,会像对待工厂工人一样对待医生，要他们去计时工作，填写工单。 当其从业者在数字化和精打细算前被迫退缩的时候，这些机构的医生将开始怀疑医生是否能成为专业的职业。

the last paragraph, the author seems to warn.

government against limiting the doctors to take additional roles

organizations against viewing doctors as factory workers

practitioners against taking on additional responsibilities

doctors against spreading their wings too widely

解析：【B】推断题。题目问的是最后一段中，作者似乎在警告 oA项"政府反对限制医生担任额外的角色"；B项“这些机构反对将医生视为工厂工人”；C项“医生反对承担额外的责任” ；D项 "医生们反对去大展拳脚"。最后一段第一句直接指出，医学从来就不应该被这样的视野所控制。 这是针对医生被当作工厂工人对待所发出的反对声音和警告,B项正确，故选B。

is the author’ s purpose of writing the passage?

advise the organizations to be open-minded.

remind the readers of medicine as a profession.

question the role of taking on an additional position.

explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.

解析：【A】主旨题。题目问的是作者的写作目的是什 么。A项“建议机构思想更开放”；B项“提醒读者医学是一门职业”；C项“质疑承担额外岗位”； D项"解释承担额外岗位的好处”。文章从对医学是一门职业进行质疑，接着说明医生承担额外的工作，提出医生被当作工厂工人，原因是组织机构狭隘的眼界，因此，文章呼吁组织机构要在思想上更加开放,A项正确，故选A

【高频词汇】

influx n.流入，汇集

A handful of 少量的，一小部分

cater for 迎合，满足，为--提供所需

constitute v.组成，构成

intake n.摄取量，通风口

associate editors 副主编

Differentiator 区分者

petty-minded 心地狭窄的

malfunctioning cogs无足轻重的成员

Wobbly 不稳定的，摆动的，歪斜的

Widget n装饰品，小部件

Enlighten vt启发，教导，开导

clocking on and off 打卡上下班

Timesheet 工时单

embellish修饰，装饰

undertake v.承担，保证

enlighten v.启麦，启蒙

regime n.政权，政体

【全文概要】

本文主要讲述的是医学作为一门职业，不应当被 狭隘的眼光控制，医生不应当被当作工厂工人一样对 待。最后作者呼吁机构要有更加开阔的思想。

Passage Six

The use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a

centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many

physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the

development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics,and antibiotics.

Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex

as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and

animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased

human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never

receive a potentially life-saving transplant.

【本节词汇】

vaccine n.疫苗，牛痘苗

anesthetics n.麻醉药，麻醉剂

antibiotics n.抗生素益生学

【本节翻译】

在利用动物来更好地了解人体解剖结构和人类疾病是有数百年历史的做法。动物研究提供了许多与人类相关的生理过程的有价值的信息，并在许多药物的开发中起到了基础作用，包括疫苗、麻醉药和抗生素。动物和人类在许多方面是相似的。动物的行为可能和人类的行为一样复杂，人类和动物的细胞结构、蛋白质和基因如此相似，以至于用动物组织来替代患病的人类组织的前景正在受到密切的调查，否则这些病人将永远无法接受可能拯救生命的移植器官。

are animal researches so important in medical experimentations?

s can be used as drugs to cure human diseases.

s are very similar to human beings in many aspects.

s can take place some human tissues with problems.

researches are important in physiological process and drug

development.

解析：【D］细节题。题目问的是在医疗实验中，为什么动物研究很重要。回归原文：根据第一段提到的“动物研究提供了许多与人类相关的生理过程的有价值的信息，并在许多药物的幵发中起到了基础作用”可知,D项正确，故选D。

However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments,

both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions

under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results.

The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a

major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used

in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where

the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward—for both

supporters and opponents of animal research—occurred in 1959, when British

zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The

Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of

replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other

techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests

to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of

scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of

animals in modern scientific research.

【本节词汇】

Husbandry n 饲养；务农；耕种；家政

Refinement n 改进，改善，提纯，精制

drastically adv.彻底地，激烈地

alternative n.二中择一,供替代的选择

【本节翻译】

然而，动物和人类对环境的反应方式，无论是生理上还是行为上都可能有着很大不同（88A），而饲养实验动物的条件会影响和改变实验结果(88D)。饲养和治疗实验动物一直是并且继续是伦理争论的一个主要话题(88B)。 早在19世纪，英国首次提出对科学研究中使用的动物的照料和管理,1876年英国通过了《动物虐待法案》。 1959年，英国动物学家威廉•罗素和英国微生物学家雷克斯•伯奇出版了《人文实验技术原理〉一书，这是对动物研究的支持者和反对者来说都很重要的一步。这项工作介绍了替代、减少和改进的目标，用其他技术取代动物试验，减少被测试的动物数量，改进动物试验以减少痛苦。这些概念成

为发展替代动物试验的科学方法的基础，并继续指导现代科学研究中对待动物的管理方法。

the second paragraph, what topic is raised for discussion?

atmosphere for civil discourse.

role of scientific animal research.

opposition of scientific animal research.

alternative way for animal research.

解析：【D］细节题也可是说是推断题。回归原文：根据第二段"动物和人类对环境的反应方式，无论是生理上还是行为上都可能有着很大不同，而饲养实验动物的条件会影响和改变实验结果''以及后面提到的''用其他技术取代动物试验,减少被测试的动物数量，改进动物试验以减少痛苦……”可知，提出的问题是动物研究的替代,D项正确；A、B项没有提到；文中谈到动物研究的支持者和反对者，C项不正确，故选D。

of the following is NOT the reason that the opponents of the animal

research base their view?

physiologic and behavioral differences between animals and humans.

ents of animals are disputable.

overuse of mice in cancer experimentation.

conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and

alter experimental results.

解析：【C］细节题。题目问的是下列哪项不是反对者反对动物研究的原因。回归原文第二段幵始提到动物和人类对环境的反应方式，无论是生理上还是行为上,都可能有很大不同，A项为原因之一;接着提到饲养实验动物的条件会影响和 改变实验结果,D项为原因之一；再接着提到饲养和治疗实验动物一直是并且继续是伦理争论的一个主要话题，B项为原因之一；C项没有具体提到，故选C。

Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on

experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro("within the glass") , and on

computational models and algorithms(演算法).These techniques are typically far

more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole

animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the

biological effects of a test compound that are as accurate—and in some cases more

accurate than—information collected from studies in whole animals.

Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These

tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to

humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the

development of better techniques that are able to produce comparable toxicity values

of chemicals that are applicable to humans.

While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a

chemical or the efficacy of a pharmaceutical compound, it is sometimes the only way

to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially

in the case of pharmaceutical compounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects

(effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on

the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to

administer a drug； the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and excretion: or any side

effects in the body. These studies are dependent on a circulating system, which are

extraordinarily difficult to perform outside animal bodies, since in vitro studies often

cannot form a complete picture of a drug’s action.

【本节词汇】

Assay 试验，化验，分析

in vitro 在体外，在试管内

outmode过时的，不流行的

comparable类似的，同等的，相当的

pharmacokinetic药代动力学效应

Pharmacodynamic 药效效应

sophisticated adj.复杂的，精致的

excretion n.排泄，排泄物

metabolism n.薪陈代谢

【本节翻译】

替代动物实验主要是基于生化检测，对细胞进行了体外实验（"玻璃''内实验）、计算模型和演算法。这些技术通常比传统方法在整个动物测试中更为复杂

和具体，许多体外测试能够表明某些混合物测试会产生怎样的生物效应，其精确度不低于整体动物实验研究，某些情况下甚至更精确。

对动物进行的传统毒性试验已经过时了。这些测试结果导致许多动物死亡，而且常常产生与人类无关的数据。由于认识到动物毒性试验的不足，已发展出更好的技术，能够产生适用于人类的类似化学品毒性值。

当动物试验并不总是测试一种化学物质的毒性或一种药物化合物的功效的最有效的方法,但有时它是获得一种物质在整个有机体中如何表现的信息的唯一方法,尤其是制药化合物。药物代谢动力学效应（身体对药物的影响）和药效效应（药物对身体的作用）的研究通常需要在动物身上进行试验，以确定给药的最有效方式;药物的分布、代谢和排泄;或对身体的任何副作用。这些研究依赖于循环系统，这在动物体外很难进行，因为体外研究常常无法形成药物作用的完整图像。

is animal testing irreplaceable in some cases?

must be tested on animal before used on humans.

testing is more efficient to producing results.

testing depends on circular system of animals.

s are more cost-efficient.

解析：【C】细节题。题目问的是为什么某些情况下动物实验无法替代。回归原文原文第五段中提到，动物实验是获得一种物质在整个有机体中如何表现的 信息的唯一方法……这些研究依赖于一种循环系统，这种系统在动物体外很难进行，因为体外研究常常无法形成药物作用的完整图像。由此可知C项正确;A项没有提到；B、D不是最直接和根本原因均不正确，故选C。

Supporters and opponents of animal testing sometimes have the same goals；

however, an extraordinary amount of energy is wasted both on poorly executed

animal testing and on poorly conceived efforts to stop animal testing. Because of the

enormous effort required to change decades of research and product development that

has crucially depended on animal testing, the unification of organizations that bring

together supporters of animal welfare and supporters of science is required. This

unification is taking place, and interest in and support for these organizations is

growing.

【本节词汇】

unification n 统一，一致，联合

【本节翻译】

动物试验的支持者和反对者有时有着相同的目标;然而,在执行不当的动物试验和在停止动物试验的努力上都浪费了大量的精力。由于需要付出巨大的努力来改变数十年的研究和产品开发，而这些研究和产品开发在很大程度上依赖于动物试验，因此需要将支持动物福利和支持科学的组织统一起来。这种统一正在进行,对这些组织的兴趣和支持正在增加。

message does the author try to convey about the scientific

experimentation in animals?

l opposition is the major reason to replace the animal experimentation.

plays an irreplaceable part in biomedical science.

ists have found alternatives to free animals from the sufferings.

ters and opponents of animal testing are always at odds with each other.

解析：【B］推断题。原文回归：最后一段中提到 "动物试验的支持者和反对者有时有着相同的目标;然而，在执行不当的动物试验和在停止动物试验的努力上都浪费了大量的精力。由于需要付出巨大的努力来改变数十年的研究和产品开发，而这些研究和产品开发在很大程度上依赖于动物试验，因此需要将支持动物福利和支持科学的组织统一起来”，可知动物实验的支持者和反对者有共同目标，而不是总是分歧,D项错误;作者认为动物实验具有不可替代性，在执行

不当或停止实验上浪费了太多精力，因此A项不正确，B项正确； C项不符合文章表述，故选B。

【本文高频词汇】

vaccine n.疫苗，牛痘苗

anesthetics n.麻醉药，麻醉剂

antibiotics n.抗生素益生学

Husbandry n 饲养；务农；耕种；家政

Refinement n 改进，改善，提纯，精制

drastically adv.彻底地，激烈地

alternative n.二中择一,供替代的选择

Assay 试验，化验，分析

in vitro 在体外，在试管内

outmode过时的，不流行的

comparable类似的，同等的，相当的

pharmacokinetic药代动力学效应

Pharmacodynamic 药效效应

sophisticated adj.复杂的，精致的

excretion n.排泄，排泄物

metabolism n.薪陈代谢

unification n 统一，一致，联合

【全文概要】

本文主要讲述的是动物试验在生理过程和药物 开发中起着重要的作用，某些情况下动物试验无法取 代。动物试验需要将支持动物福利和支持科学统一

起来。