linux学习-基本命令篇|江阴雨辰互联

2023年7月20日发(作者：)

linux学习-基本命令篇⽬录关机重启命令重启命令rebootshutdown -r now ⽴刻重启 (root⽤户使⽤)shutdown -r 10 过10分钟⾃动重启 (root⽤户使⽤)关机命令halt ⽴刻关机poweroff ⽴刻关机shutdown -h now ⽴刻关机 (root⽤户使⽤)shutdown -h 10 10分钟后⾃动关机如果是通过shutdown命令设置关机的话，可以⽤shutdown -c命令取消基本操作之修改⽤户名(Ubuntu)1. sudo su转为root⽤户(这⼀步是必须的)2. gedit /etc/passwd,找到你要修改的那⼀⾏(注意不要修改后⾯的⽬录)3.

gedit /etc/shadow，找到代表你的那⼀⾏，修改⽤户名为新⽤户名gedit /etc/group，你应该发现你的⽤户名在很多个组中，全部修改！修改完，保存，重启。注意：修改的时候要格外⼩⼼，不要打错⼀个字母。提⽰：如果你要修改密码和⽤户名的话，请先修改密码，重启后，再修改⽤户名，重启。如果你先修改⽤户名，再修改密码的话，可能会导致你登录不了Ubuntu。查看系统版本号cat /etc/issuelsb_release -acat /etc/system-release查看系统是32位还是64位sudo uname -msudo uname -asudo uname -sarch系统进程信息查看top # 动态显⽰进程信息, 类似windows资源管理器ps # 进程信息快照ps aux # 列出⽬前所有的正在内存中的程序ps -u root # 指定⽤户的进程信息[root@izuf6ggrfujyiyg1sz1rrzz vpnserver]# ps -ef | grep sshroot 3296 30344 0 Jun21 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/0root 14340 30344 0 00:56 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/4root 16556 14344 0 01:15 pts/4 00:00:00 grep --color=auto sshroot 30344 1 0 Jan30 ? 00:00:01 /usr/sbin/sshd -Dkill -s 9 [进程的pid] # 杀死指定的进程ps⼯具标识进程的5种状态码:状态码含义DRSTZ状态码不可中断 uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)含义运⾏ runnable (on run queue)中断 sleeping停⽌ traced or stopped僵死 a defunct (”zombie”) process含义---显⽰所有进程显⽰同⼀终端下的所有程序显⽰所有进程显⽰进程的真实名称反向选择等于“-A”显⽰环境变量显⽰程序间的关系显⽰树状结构显⽰当前终端的进程显⽰当前终端的所有程序指定⽤户的所有进程显⽰较详细的资讯显⽰所有包含其他使⽤者的⾏程列出指定命令的状况每页显⽰的⾏数显⽰帮助信息显⽰版本显⽰参数:命令参数---a-a-Ac-N-eef-HrTu-au-aux-C<命令>–lines<⾏数>–help–version–width<字符数>每页显⽰的字符数查看某个端⼝被占⽤的情况# 查看80端⼝被占⽤的情况netstat -lnp|grep 80tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 11983/dotnet

unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 87180246 22677/SCREEN /var/run/screen/S-root/d# 杀死占⽤80端⼝的进程kill -s 9 11983查看磁盘分区使⽤情况df 命令~$ df -lg---Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted onudev 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /devtmpfs 422M 6.6M 415M 2% /run/dev/sda1 39G 13G 25G 34% /tmpfs 2.1G 352K 2.1G 1% /dev/shmtmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/locktmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /sys/fs/cgrouptmpfs 422M 60K 422M 1% /run/user/1001fdiskfdisk 是⼀款强⼤的磁盘操作⼯具，来⾃util-linux软件包，我们在这⾥只说他如何查看磁盘分区表及分区结构；参数 -l ，通过-l 参数，能获得机器中所有的硬盘的分区情况.~$ sudo fdisk -l---

[sudo] password for la:

Disk /dev/sda: 40 GiB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0xb5aa146cDevice Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sda1 * 2048 81885183 81883136 39G 83 Linux/dev/sda2 81887230 83884031 1996802 975M 5 Extended/dev/sda5 81887232 83884031 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris内存使⽤情况查看1. top2. cat /prop/meminfo[root@izj6cenzpmyvcziekc9a1lz ~]# cat /proc/meminfo

MemTotal: 1014488 kBMemFree: 77228 kBMemAvailable: 168748 kBBuffers: 22856 kBCached: 225852 kBSwapCached: 0 kBActive: 687780 kBInactive: 173396 kBActive(anon): 616572 kBInactive(anon): 35464 kBActive(file): 71208 kBInactive(file): 137932 kBUnevictable: 16 kBMlocked: 16 kBSwapTotal: 0 kBSwapFree: 0 kBDirty: 0 kBWriteback: 0 kBAnonPages: 611508 kBMapped: 38012 kBShmem: 51320 kBSlab: 51268 kBSReclaimable: 20156 kBSUnreclaim: 31112 kBKernelStack: 3016 kBPageTables: 6620 kBNFS_Unstable: 0 kBBounce: 0 kBWritebackTmp: 0 kBCommitLimit: 507244 kBCommitted_AS: 1593752 kBVmallocTotal: 34359738367 kBVmallocUsed: 0 kBVmallocChunk: 0 kBHardwareCorrupted: 0 kBAnonHugePages: 374784 kBShmemHugePages: 0 kBShmemPmdMapped: 0 kBHugePages_Total: 0HugePages_Free: 0HugePages_Rsvd: 0HugePages_Surp: 0Hugepagesize: 2048 kBDirectMap4k: 309120 kBDirectMap2M: 739328 kBDirectMap1G: 0 kB3. free -h[root@izj6cenzpmyvcziekc9a1lz ~]# free -h total used free shared buff/cache availableMem: 990M 648M 66M 50M 275M 159MSwap: 2.0G 0B 2.0G设置交换分区创建新的交换分区# 创建swap交换⽂件, 执⾏此命令后, 会执⾏2g读写操作, 系统会卡⼀下dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=2048k# 对交换⽂件格式化并转换为swap分区mkswap /var/swapfile# 挂载并激活分区chmod -R 0600 /var/swapfileswapon /var/swapfile# 修改 fstab 配置，设置开机⾃动挂载该分区vim /etc/fstab# ⽂件末尾加⼊ /var/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0删除交换分区# 停⽌正在使⽤swap分区swapoff /var/swapfile# 删除swap分区⽂件rm -rf /var/swapfile# 删除或注释掉我们之前在fstab⽂件⾥追加的开机⾃动挂载配置内容 /var/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0vim /etc/fstab⽇期时间查看当前时间date~$ dateSat Nov 14 21:12:42 CST 2020查看当前时区date -R~$ date -RSat, 14 Nov 2020 21:13:37 +0800修改⽇期将系统⽇期写⼊为1996年6⽉10⽇date -s 06/22/96修改时间将系统时间设定成下午1点52分0秒date -s 13:52:00将当前时间和⽇期写⼊BIOS，避免重启后失效hwclock -w设置时区⽅法1tzselect, 交互的⽅式设置时区, 会让你输⼊索引选择时区⽅法2替换系统时区⽂件sudo cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtimeip配置配置静态ip参考:编辑 ifcfg-eth0 ⽂件 vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0修改如下内容BOOTPROTO="static" #dhcp改为static

ONBOOT="yes" #开机启⽤本配置IPADDR="192.168.124.10" #静态IPGATEWAY="192.168.124.1" #默认⽹关NETMASK="255.255.255.0" #⼦⽹掩码DNS1="192.168.124.1" #DNS 配置重启⽹络service network restart或者systemctl restart network测试是否连接到互联⽹[root@localhost ~]# curl -vv * About to connect() to port 443 (#0)* Trying 180.101.* Connected to (180.101.49.11) port 443 (#0)* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb* CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ CApath: none* SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256* Server certificate:* subject: CN=,O="Beijing Baidu Netcom Science Technology Co., Ltd",OU=service operation department,L=beijing,ST=beijing,C=CN* start date: Apr 02 07:04:58 2020 GMT* expire date: Jul 26 05:31:02 2021 GMT* common name: * issuer: CN=GlobalSign Organization Validation CA - SHA256 - G2,O=GlobalSign nv-sa,C=BE> GET / HTTP/1.1> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0> Host: > Accept: */*>

< HTTP/1.1 200 OK< Accept-Ranges: bytes< Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform< Connection: keep-alive< Content-Length: 2443< Content-Type: text/html< Date: Tue, 01 Dec 2020 18:34:05 GMT< Etag: "588603eb-98b"< Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:23:55 GMT< Pragma: no-cache< Server: bfe/1.0.8.18< Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.; path=/<

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