2024年5月3日发(作者：沃尔沃s60报价及图片)

Designation:A388/A388M–09

UsedinUSNRC-RDTstandards

StandardPracticefor

UltrasonicExaminationofSteelForgings

1

ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationA388/A388M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear

oforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,rinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.

Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.

*

1.1Thispractice

2

coverstheexaminationproceduresforthe

contact,pulse-echoultrasonicexaminationofsteelforgingsby

aightbeam

techniquesincludeutilizationoftheDGS(DistanceGain-Size)

AppendixX3.

1.2Thispracticeistobeusedwhenevertheinquiry,

contract,order,orspecificationstatesthatforgingsaretobe

subjecttoultrasonicexaminationinaccordancewithPractice

A388/A388M.

1.3ThevaluesstatedineitherSIunitsorinch-poundunits

uesstatedin

eachsystemmaynotbeexactequivalents;therefore,each

ing

valuesfromthetwosystemsmayresultinnon-conformance

withthestandard.

1.4Thisspecificationandtheapplicablematerialspecifica-

tionsareexpressedinbothinch-poundunitsandSIunits.

However,unlesstheorderspecifiestheapplicable“M”speci-

ficationdesignation[SIunits],thematerialshallbefurnished

toinch-poundunits.

1.5Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthe

safetyconcerns,ifany,e

responsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-

priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-

bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.

ncedDocuments

2.1ASTMStandards:

3

A469/A469MSpecificationforVacuum-TreatedSteel

ForgingsforGeneratorRotors

A745/A745MPracticeforUltrasonicExaminationofAus-

teniticSteelForgings

ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeA01onSteel,

StainlessSteelandRelatedAlloysandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee

A01.06onSteelForgingsandBillets.

CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,ally

eviouseditionapprovedin2008asA388/A388M–08.

2

ForASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeapplicationsseerelatedSpecifi-

cationSA-388/SA-388MinSectionIIofthatCode.

3

ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,,or

contactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@ualBookofASTM

Standardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon

theASTMwebsite.

1

E317PracticeforEvaluatingPerformanceCharacteristics

ofUltrasonicPulse-EchoTestingInstrumentsandSystems

withouttheUseofElectronicMeasurementInstruments

E428PracticeforFabricationandControlofMetal,Other

thanAluminum,ReferenceBlocksUsedinUltrasonic

Testing

E1065GuideforEvaluatingCharacteristicsofUltrasonic

SearchUnits

2.2ANSIStandard:

B46.1SurfaceTexture

4

2.3OtherDocument:

RecommendedPracticeforNondestructivePersonnelQuali-

ficationandCertificationSNT-TC-1A,(1988orlater)

5

ology

3.1Definitions:

3.1.1indicationlevels(clusters),n—fiveormoreindica-

tionsinavolumerepresentinga2-in.[50-mm]orsmallercube

intheforging.

3.1.2individualindications,n—singleindicationsshowing

adecreaseinamplitudeasthesearchunitismovedinany

directionfromthepositionofmaximumamplitudeandwhich

aretoosmalltobeconsideredtravelingorplanar.

3.1.3planarindications,n—indicationsshallbeconsidered

continuousoveraplaneiftheyhaveamajoraxisgreaterthan

1in.[25mm]ortwicethemajordimensionofthetransducer,

whicheverisgreater,anddonottravel.

3.1.4travelingindications,n—inductionswhoseleading

edgemovesadistanceequivalentto1in.[25mm]ormoreof

metaldepthwithmovementofthetransduceroverthesurface

oftheforging.

ficanceandUse

4.1Thispracticeshallbeusedwhenultrasonicinspectionis

requiredbytheorderorspecificationforinspectionpurposes

wheretheacceptanceoftheforgingisbasedonlimitationsof

thenumber,amplitude,orlocationofdiscontinuities,ora

combinationthereof,whichgiverisetoultrasonicindications.

AvailablefromAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI),25W.43rdSt.,

4thFloor,NewYork,NY10036.

5

AvailablefromtheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting,1711Arlin-

gateLn.,28518,Columbus,OH43228–0518.

4

*ASummaryofChangessectionappearsattheendofthisstandard.

Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.

1

A388/A388M–09

4.2Theultrasonicqualitylevelshallbeclearlystatedas

orderrequirements.

ngInformation

5.1Whenthispracticeistobeappliedtoaninquiry,

contract,ororder,thepurchasershallsostateandshallalso

furnishthefollowinginformation:

5.1.1Designationnumber(includingyeardate),

5.1.2Methodofestablishingthesensitivityinaccordance

with

9.2.2and9.3.3(Vee-orrectangular-notch),

5.1.2.1Thediameterandtestmetaldistanceoftheflat-

bottomholeandthematerialofthereferenceblockin

accordancewith

9.2.2.2,

5.1.3Qualitylevelfortheentireforgingorportionsthereof

inaccordancewith12.3,and

5.1.4Anyoptionsinaccordancewith1.4,6.4,6.5,7.1,8.1,

8.2,9.1.11,10.1,and10.2.

tus

6.1Anultrasonic,pulsed,reflectiontypeofinstrumentshall

temshallhaveamini-

mumcapabilityforexaminingatfrequenciesfrom1to5MHz.

Onexaminingausteniticstainlessforgingsthesystemshall

havethecapabilitiesforexaminingatfrequenciesdownto0.4

MHz.

6.1.1Theultrasonicinstrumentshallprovidelinearpresen-

tation(within5%)foratleast75%ofthescreenheight

(sweeplinetotopofscreen).The5%linearityreferredtois

ment

linearityshallbeverifiedinaccordancewiththeintentof

Practice

ofblocksprocessedinaccordancewith

PracticeE317orE428maybeusedtoestablishthespecified

65%instrumentlinearity.

6.1.2Theelectronicapparatusshallcontainanattenuator

(accurateoveritsusefulrangeto610%(+1dB)ofthe

amplituderatio)whichwillallowmeasurementofindications

beyondthelinearrangeoftheinstrument.

6.2SearchUnits,havingatransducerwithamaximum

activeareaof1in.

2

[650mm

2

]with

3

⁄

4

in.[20mm]minimum

to1

1

⁄

8

in.[30mm]maximumdimensionsshallbeusedfor

straight-beamscanning(see9.2);andsearchunitswith

1

⁄

2

in.

[13mm]minimumto1in.[25mm]maximumdimensions

shallbeusedforangle-beamscanning(see9.3).

6.2.1Transducersshallbeutilizedattheirratedfrequencies.

6.2.2Othersearchunitsmaybeusedforevaluatingand

pinpointingindications.

6.3Couplants,havinggoodwettingcharacteristicssuchas

SAENo.20orNo.30motoroil,glycerin,pineoil,orwater

ntsmaynotbecomparabletooneanother

andthesamecouplantshallbeusedforcalibrationand

examination.

6.4ReferenceBlocks,containingflat-bottomholesmaybe

usedforcalibrationofequipmentinaccordancewith

6.1.1and

maybeusedtoestablishrecordinglevelsforstraight-beam

examinationwhensospecifiedbytheorderorcontract.

6.5DGSScales,matchedtotheultrasonictestunitand

transducertobeutilized,maybeusedtoestablishrecording

levelsforstraightbeamexamination,whensospecifiedbythe

scalerangemustbeselectedto

2

includethefullthicknesscross-sectionoftheforgingtobe

pleofaDGSoverlayisfoundin

Appendix

X3.

6.5.1AsanalternativetousingDGSoverlays,anultrasonic

instrumenthavingintegraldecibelgainorattenuatorcontrols

incombinationwithaspecificallypairedtransducerandDGS

diagrammaybeusedtoevaluateultrasonicindications.

nelRequirements

7.1Personnelperformingtheultrasonicexaminationstothis

practiceshallbequalifiedandcertifiedinaccordancewitha

writtenprocedureconformingtoRecommendedPracticeNo.

SNT-TC-1A(1988orlater)oranothernationalstandardthatis

acceptabletoboththepurchaserandthesupplier.

ationofForgingforUltrasonicExamination

8.1Unlessotherwisespecifiedintheorderorcontract,the

forgingshallbemachinedtoprovidecylindricalsurfacesfor

radialexaminationinthecaseofroundforgings;theendsof

theforgingsshallbemachinedperpendiculartotheaxisofthe

fdiskandrectangular

forgingsshallbemachinedflatandparalleltooneanother.

8.2Thesurfaceroughnessofexteriorfinishesshallnot

exceed250µin.[6µm]unlessotherwiseshownontheforging

drawingorstatedintheorderorthecontract.

8.3Thesurfacesoftheforgingtobeexaminedshallbefree

ofextraneousmaterialsuchasloosescale,paint,dirt,andso

forth.

ure

9.1General:

9.1.1Asfaraspracticable,subjecttheentirevolumeofthe

eofradiiatchange

ofsectionsandotherlocalconfigurations,itmaybeimpossible

toexaminesomesectionsofaforging.

9.1.2Performtheultrasonicexaminationafterheattreat-

mentformechanicalproperties(exclusiveofstress-relief

treatments)butpriortodrillingholes,cuttingkeyways,tapers,

grooves,onfiguration

oftheforgingrequiredforthetreatmentformechanical

propertiesprohibitsasubsequentcompleteexaminationofthe

forging,itshallbepermissibletoexaminepriortotreatmentfor

cases,reexaminetheforging

ultrasonicallyascompletelyaspossibleafterheattreatment.

9.1.3Toensurecompletecoverageoftheforgingvolume,

indexthesearchunitwithatleast15%overlapwitheachpass.

9.1.4Formanualscanning,donotexceedascanningrateof

6in./s[150mm/s].

9.1.5Forautomatedscanning,adjustscanningspeedor

instrumentrepetitionrate,orboth,topermitdetectionofthe

smallestdiscontinuitiesreferencedinthespecificationandto

me

shallthescanningspeedexceedthespeedatwhichan

acceptablecalibrationwasmade.

9.1.6Ifpossible,scanallsectionsofforgingsintwo

perpendiculardirections.

9.1.7Scandiskforgingsusingastraightbeamtechnique

fromatleastoneflatfaceandradiallyfromthecircumference,

wheneverpracticable.