2024年4月30日发(作者：丁俊晖最新比赛消息)

JournalofOperationsManagement25(2007)357–363

/locate/jom

Enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)—Abriefhistory

Jacobs

a,

*

,F.C.‘Ted’WestonJr.

b

a

b

KelleySchoolofBusiness,IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN47405-1701,UnitedStates

CollegeofBusiness,ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins,CO80523-1277,UnitedStates

Availableonline12December2006

Abstract

ThisisabriefhistoryofERP—RPvendorsarediscussedaswellasthemajorimpactof

ustryconsolidationthathasrecentlyoccurredisalso

ney,s,RickAllen,formerVPofFinanceand

Administration,andRickSnow,ationwasalsoobtainedfromBillRobinson

whoheldthepositionof‘‘IndustryConsultant’’withIBMinthemid-1980s.

#htsreserved.

Keywords:ERP;Industry;Functionalenterprise;Dataintegration

ThemovebeyondMRPthatoccurredinthelate

1970sandearly1980swasdrivenbyaneedforstronger

integrationbetweenthefunctionalenterprisesilosthat

dominatedfild

arguethatsoftwareengineersrecognizedthepromiseof

dataintegrationveryearly—longbeforethepush

towardsflatterorganizationalstructuresthatoccurredin

theearly1990s.

TheEleventhEditionoftheAPICSDictionary

(BlackstoneandCox,2005)definesERP(enterprise

resourceplanning)asa‘‘frameworkfororganizing,

defining,andstandardizingthebusinessprocesses

necessarytoeffectivelyplanandcontrolanorganiza-

tionsotheorganizationcanuseitsinternalknowledge

toseekexternaladvantage’’(page38).Thisdefinition

highlightsthebroadscopeofapplicationsthatfitunder

cturingplanningand

control(MPC)systemsareourprimaryfocusbutthe

*Correspondingauthor.

E-mailaddress:jacobs@(Jacobs).

0272-6963/$–seefrontmatter#htsreserved.

doi:10.1016/.2006.11.005

fullsystemisintendedtoservebusinessprocesses

housedwithinotherfunctionalareas—financeand

accounting,humanresources,payroll,andsales/

marketing,etc.

Hereweofferabriefhistoryofenterpriseresource

planning,showingitsrelationshipwithitspredecessors

acomesfromanumberof

sources,nputisfroman

interviewwithoneofthefoundingfathersofERP,Ed

McVaney,afounderandformerChairmanandCEOof

onalinterviewswere

conductedwithRickAllen,formerExecutiveVice

PresidentofFinanceandAdministrationandRickSnow,

formerChiefLegalCounsel,s.

FurtherinformationwasprovidedbyBillRobinson,a

retiredIBMexecutivewhoheldtheprestigiousposition

of‘‘IndustryConsultant’’inthemid-1980s.

Forcompleteness,ourchronologywillbegininthe

1960s,anerathatisalsocoveredbyMabertinhisarticle

quicklythroughthisperiodand

takethechronologythroughtheimportantdevelop-

mentsuptothepresent.

Jacobs,F.C.‘Ted’WestonJr./JournalofOperationsManagement25(2007)357–363

1960s—earlycomputers,reorderpoint

(ROP)systemsandearlymaterialrequirements

planning(MRP)

Inthe1960stheprimarycompetitivethrustwascost,

whichresultedinproduct-focusedmanufacturing

strategiesbasedonhigh-volumeproduction,cost

minimization,andassumingstableeconomiccondi-

roductionofnewlycomputerizedreorder

point(ROP)systems–includingeconomicorder

quantityandeconomicreorderpoint–satisfiedbasic

manufacturingplanningandcontrol(MPC)needsof

thesefirms.

MRP–thepredecessortoandbackboneofMRPII

andERP–wasborninthelate1960sthroughajoint

,amanufactureroftractorsand

otherconstructionmachinery,inpartnershipwithIBM.

Atthetime,thisearlyMRPapplicationsoftwarewasthe

state-of-the-artmethodforplanningandscheduling

r

versionsofcomputerizedMPCsystems(forexample,

IBM’s‘‘PICS’’–productionandinventorycontrol

system)hadusedtheonlylarge-scalestoragemedium

available–oryitemmasterfiles

werekeptontapes,transactiontapeswerebuiltduring

theweek,and‘‘passingthetapes’’createdanewmaster

tapepluslistsofordersbasedoncalculatedorder

quantities,safetystocksandonhandbalances.

(Economicorderquantitieswerecalculatedbyhand

usingsliderulesandenteredintothesystem:firstand

earlysecondgenerationcomputerswerenotcapableof

calculatingsquareroots.)

Tapeisaone-dimensionalmedium:manufacturingis

(attheleast)ting

requirementsofcomponentsoverfuturetimebucketsis

atwo-dimensionalproblem;explodingdownthrougha

weresomesmallshopswithveryshallowbillsof

materials,whichhadschemesforexplodingrequire-

wererareand,typically,completelydependentonone

personwhohadmasteredatechniqueforthisparticular

heavailabilityofrandom

accessmemorythatchangedthegameandmadeMRP

possible.

1970s—MRPandcomputerhardware

andsoftwaredevelopments

InitialMRPsolutionswerebig,clumsyandexpensive.

Theyrequiredalargetechnicalstafftosupportthe

mainframecomputers—atfirsttheIBM7094,for

example,andlaterIBM’elop-

mentofeverfasterandhighercapacitydisk(random

access)storagewasamajorenablingtechnologyforthe

developmentofmoreintegratedbusinessinformation

d‘‘database’’wasnotinthevocabulary

andsoftwaretoolswerehighlylimitedbymodern

standards.

Inthelate1970stheprimarycompetitivethrustwas

shiftingtowardsmarketing,whichresultedinthe

adoptionoftarget-marketstrategieswithanemphasis

systemsfitthatrequirementnicelybecauseofthe

integrationbetweenforecasting,masterscheduling,

procurement,plusshopflrly

quicklybecameestablishedasthefundamentalparts

andmaterialsplanningconceptusedinproduction

managementandcontrol.

ThiseraalsosawtheintroductionofIBM’sCOPICS

(communicationsorientedproductioninformationand

controlsystem),aneight-volume1972serieswiththe

objectiveofproviding‘‘...aseriesofconceptsthat

outlineanapproachtoanintegratedcomputer-based

manufacturingcontrolsystem’’(COPICS,1972).The

COPICSsoftwarewasdesignedtorunontheIBM

ement

towardswhatwouldbecalledMRPII–manufacturing

resourceplanning–wasunderway.

Themid-1970ssawthebirthofmajorsoftware

companiesthatwouldlaterbecomekeyERPvendors.

In1972fiveengineersinMannheim,Germany,started

upSAP(SystemanalyseundProgrammentwicklung).

Thepurposeofthecompanywastoproduceandmarket

standardsoftwareforintegratedbusinesssolutions.

LawsonSoftwarewasfoundedin1975whenRichard

Lawson,BillLawson,andbusinesspartnerJohn

Cerullosawtheneedforpre-packagedenterprise

technologysolutionsasanalternativetocustomized

s(founded

byJackThompson,DanGregoryandEdMcVaney)and

OracleCorporation(byLarryEllison)wereestablished

offeredthefirstcommercialSQL

(StructuredQueryLanguage)relationaldatabase

1978JanBaanbegan

TheBaanCorporationintheNetherlandstoprovide

financialandadministrativeconsultingservices.

Orlicky’s(1975)MaterialRequirementstextwasthe

firstcompletelydetaileddescriptionofMRPlogicas

intendedforawideraudiencethanwerethetechnical

manualswhichaccompaniedthepurchaseofoneor

anothersystem–ntial

segmentsofthisbookwererequiredtoexplainwhat