2024年4月30日发(作者：酷派cool1刷机包)

Chapter5 Semantics（语义学）（定义）

Sense（意义）and reference（所指/指称）（定义）

Sense: is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collect

ion of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meani

ng dictionary compilers are interested in.

Chapter6 Pragmatics（语用学）

Pragmatics vs. semantics

Semantics: is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking co

ntext into consideration).

Pragmatics: the study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context i

nto consideration), e.g. “Today is Sunday”, semantically, it means that today is t

he first day of the week; pragmatically, you can mean a lot by saying this, all depe

nding on the context and the intention of the speaker, say, making a suggestion o

r giving an invitation…

Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning句子意义和话语意义

Sentence meaning: Abstract and context-independent meaning; literal meani

ng of a sentence; utterance meaning: concrete and context-dependent meaning; i

ntended meaning of a speaker;

Chapter11

Second Language Acquisition

Connections between first language acquisition and second language acq

uisition:

The first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and underst

anding new facts about second language learning (Littlewood, 1986).

Positive transfer: facilitate target language learning

Negative transfer: interfere or hinder target language learning

It is believed that differences between the native language and the target lan

guage would pose difficulties in second/foreign language learning and teaching,

e.g. *To touch the society .

*There are more people come to study in the states.

*I wait you at the gate of the school

Errors & mistakes

Errors: unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigibl

e by the learner (failure in competence)；