2024年4月19日发(作者：三星爆炸门事件始末)

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9

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TheWesternRomanEmpireintheFifthCentury

ShortlyafterthedeathofemperorTheodosiusin395A.D.,theRomanEmpirewas

ifthcenturyA.D.,the

poweroftheWesternRomanEmpirehaddeclinedconsiderably,thoughtheEastern

sproblems

contributedtothisunderminingoftheWest.

dunfavorableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ve

rollable

cted

sting

TheaccessionsofArcadiusandHonorius,sonsofTheodosius,asemperorsintheEast

andWest,respectively,illustratetheunfortunatepatternofchildheirsthathad

cadiusdiedin408,hewassucceeded

byhisseven-year-oldson,nguntil423,Honoriuswas

succeededbyhisnephewValentinianIII,eoftheiryoung

ages,

【

Theodosius'sonsandgrandsonscouldnotrulewithoutolderadvisorsand

supervisingregentsuponwhomtheynaturallybecamedependentandfromwhom

theywereunabletobreakawayafterreachingmaturity.

】

Aspowerfulindividualsvied

forinfluenceanddominanceatcourt,thegeneralwelfarewasoftensacrificedto

er,itwasthewomenofthedynastywhowere

gthekeystosuccessionthrough

birthandinheritance,theybecameactiveplayersinthepoliticalarena.

ingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwasoneresultofthepatternof

rulebychildemperors

A.

Thecommonpeoplelostrespectforthepositionofemperor.

sandadvisorsattemptedtoputanendtotraditionalrivalriesfordominance

withinthecourt.

ithinthedynastygainedincreasedinfluenceandpower.

ionalrulesofsuccessionbyinheritancewerechanged.

fthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

ectchoiceschangethemeaningin

importantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

【

Theodosius'sonsandgrandsonscouldnotrulewithoutolderadvisorsand

supervisingregentsuponwhomtheynaturallybecamedependentandfromwhom

theywereunabletobreakawayafterreachingmaturity.

】

grulers,thesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiusnecessarilydependedon

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olderadvisors,andasadults,theywereunabletoruleindependentlyoftheseadvisors.

sandgrandsonsofTheodosiusweretooyoungwhentheycametopower

torulewithouttheassistanceofolderadvisors.

hingmaturity,thesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiusattemptedtobreak

awayfromtheolderofficialswhohadadvisedthemsincechildhood.

ethesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiuswereyoungwhentheybecame

rulers,olderadvisorswereabletopreventthemfrombreakingaway.

ComparedwiththeEast,however,theWestfacedagreaternumberofexternalthreats

stheEastcouldpursuewaranddiplomacy

moreeffectivelywiththeirenemiesonthelongeasternfrontier,theWestwasexposed

tothemorevolatiletribalGermanicpeoplesonafrontierthatstretchedalongthe

RhineandDanuberiversfor1,t,however,onlyhadtoguardthe

tion,theEasthadmanymorehumanand

mater

EastalsohadamoredeeplyrootedunityintheGreekcultureofthenumerousGreek

an

culturehadnotachievedcomparablepenetrationofthelessurbanizedWestoutsideof

etrationofGermanicculturefromthenorthhadbeensoextensivealong

thepermeableRhine-Danubefrontierthatitwasoftendifficulttodistinguishbetween

barbarians(speakersofGermanandotherlanguagesunrelatedtoLatin)andRomans

inthoseregionsbythefifthcenturyanyway.

ribingthefrontiersoftheWesternEmpireasmorepermeabletheauthor

meansthatthesefrontiers

eplaceswherecrossingscouldoccur

redistantfromthecenter

relikelytobechanged

repoorlyequipped

dpursueinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

in

l

dcomparableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

r

ble

ary

able

fthefollowingisNOTidentifiedinparagraph3asafactorcontributingto

thegreaterstabilityandsuccessoftheEasternempire

110

AshorterbordersubjecttoinvasionbyGermanictribes

rculturalunityamongtheinhabitants

sourcesavailableforachievingpoliticalgoals

opulationdensitiesoutsideofurbanareas

graph3,whydoestheauthordiscusstheGermanicculture

arethelessurbanizedWestoutsideofItalytothemoreurbanizedEast

ainwhyRomanmilitaryandpoliticalobjectivesnecessarilychangedinthe

fifthcentury

asizethattheRomanshadmoreofaculturaldisadvantageintheWest

thanintheEast

ainwhytherewereasmanyspeakersofGermanastherewereRomanson

thewesternfrontier

Oneofthemostoutstandingfeaturesatthebeginningofthisperiodwasthe

prominenceofGermanicgeneralsinthehighcommandoftheRomanImperialarmy.

Thetrendbecamesignificant,

foremostprobablywasthesheerneedformilitarymanpowerthatmadeitattractiveto

recruitbandsofGermanicpeoplesforthearmies,which,inturn,gavechieftainsand

,oneway

toturnGermanicchieftainsfrompotentialenemiesintoloyalsupporterswastooffer

,althoughTheodosiushadrisento

powerasamilitaryleader,hewasalsoaculturedaristocratandpreferredto

emphasizethecivilianroleoftheemperorandtorelyforprotectiononGermanic

generalswhoseloyaltieswereprimarilytohim,theirpatron.

fthefollowingisNOTidentifiedinparagraph4asareasonthepractice

aroseofmakingGermanicchieftainsgeneralsintheRomanhighcommand

edreducethenumberofpossibleenemiesagainsttheempire.

edmakeitpossibletomaintainanimperialmilitaryforceofsufficientsize.

heaperthanrecruitingandtrainingRomangenerals.

Theodosiusconfidencethathisgeneralswouldremainloyalwhilehe

focusedonothermatters.

ingtoparagraph4,bybecominggeneralsintheRomanarmy,Germanic

chieftainsweregivenachanceto

benefitsfromtheemperor

nceRomancivilianlife

apemilitarypolicy

tGermanicrecruitsintotheRomanarmy

Unfortunately,thehighpositionsachievedbyGermanicofficersoftenarousedthe

jeal

positionsalsogavetheirGermanicholdersachancetoactonbothpersonalandtribal

111

alRomanrivalriesandpower

actionalleadersoftengrantedImperialtitles

andconcededterritorytooneGermanicleaderoranotherinreturnforhelpagainst

heRomanswerethusdistractedbyinternalconflict,other

e

Romanscouldnotdislodgethem,peacewasboughtwithfurthertitlesandterritorial

idstofitall,alliancesandcoalitionsbetweenRoman

emperorsorpowerfulcommandersandvarioustribesortribalkingsweremade,

unmade,andremadesooftenthatitisnearlyimpossibletofollowtheircourse.

Accordingly,allofthesesituationsproveddangeroustothepeaceandsafetyofthe

West.

fthefollowingisidentifiedinparagraph5asanegativeconsequenceof

makingGermanicchieftainshigh-rankingofficersintheRomanarmy

nolongersoughtachievementthroughthemilitary.

icgeneralssometimesusedtheirmilitarypowertoadvancetheirownand

theirtribes'interests.

icsoldiersfocusedonachievingimperialtitlesratherthanmilitarysuccess.

rdivisionsdevelopedbetweentheWesternEmpireandtheEasternEmpire,

whichlackedmilitaryleadership.

ingtoparagraph5,whatisonewaythatinternalconflictinRome

endangeredthepeaceandsafetyoftheWest

flictmadeitmoredifficulttomakepeacethroughtheprocessofgranting

imperialtitlesandterritorialconcessions.

flictmadeiteasierforinvaderstocrossthefrontierandenterRoman

territory.

flictdiscouragedRomanleadersfromcreatingalliancesandcoalitionswith

Germanictribes.

flictmadeitnearlyimpossibletotracktheactivitiesofenemytribes

outsideRomanterritory.

thefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.

OncewithinRomanborders,theyproveddifficulttoremove.

WherewouldthesentencebestfitClickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothe

passage.

Unfortunately,thehighpositionsachievedbyGermanicofficersoftenarousedthe

jeal

positionsalsogavetheirGermanicholdersachancetoactonbothpersonalandtribal

alRomanrivalriesandpower

actionalleadersoftengrantedImperialtitles

andconcededterritorytooneGermanicleaderoranotherinreturnforhelpagainst

112

heRomanswerethusdistractedbyinternalconflict,other

tribesseizedtheopportunitytocrossintoRomanterritoryunopposed.

【

A

】

Whenthe

Romanscouldnotdislodgethem,peacewasboughtwithfurthertitlesandterritorial

concessionsasallies.

【

B

】

Inthemidstofitall,alliancesandcoalitionsbetween

Romanemperorsorpowerfulcommandersandvarioustribesortribalkingswere

made,unmade,andremadesooftenthatitisnearlyimpossibletofollowtheircourse.

【

C

】

Accordingly,allofthesesituationsproveddangeroustothepeaceandsafetyof

theWest.

【

D

】

14..ewthepassage,click

onViewText.

AnswerChoices

isionoftheRomanEmpireintotwopartswasparticularlydamagingfor

theWesternEmpirebecauseitreliedontheEasternEmpireforeconomicsupport.

rsofTheodosiuscametothethroneasyoungchildren,allowingthemtobe

dominatedbyadvisorswhocompetedforinfluenceattheexpenseoftheempire's

welfare.

nemperorsafterTheodosiuswereunabletoemphasizetheircivilianrole

becauseoftheirneedtorelyontheprotectionofGermanicgeneralsloyaltothem.

edtotheEasternEmpire,theWesternEmpirehadmanydisadvantages,

includingmoreforeignenemiesandfewermaterialandhumanresources.

mentagainstGermanicchieftainsachievinghighrankintheRomanmilitary

andfactionalismamongRomanleaderswereamongthecausesoftheperiod's

considerableinstability.

esourcesneededtosecureRome'sbordersincreased,seriousconflicts

developedamongRomanleadersoverhowbesttoprotectRomanterritoryagainst

invadingtribes.

FeaturesofTropicalMammals

Thereareseveralimportantfeaturesoftropicalmammalsandtheirhabitatsthat

,tropicalmammalsface

differentenvironmentalstressesthandotemperate-zonemammals,andtheyrespond

mperate-zonemammals,ofcourse,mustendure

extremevariationwithinayear;fromcoldwinterswithsnowandlowfoodsuppliesto

mmalsrespondwith

hibernation,stayingmoreorlessdormantforseveralmonthsuntilconditionsimprove.

【

Tropicalmammals,exceptinthehigh-altitudemountains,donotencountersuch

extremeannualchanges,buttheydofacedryseasons,uptofivemonthslong,that

sometimesseverelyreducefoodsupplies.

】

Forsomesurprisingreasons,theycannot

alleviatethisstressbyhibernating,waitingfortherainyseasontoarrivewithits

ammalinCanadaorAlaskahibernates,manyofits

lsleepingaway

thedryseasoninaburrowwouldbeeasypreytosnakesandotherpredators.

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Moreover,oracious

insectsareverycommoninthetropicsandwouldquicklyeatasleepingmouseor

,externalparasites,suchasticksandmites,whichareinactivein

extremecold,wouldcontinuetobeveryactiveonsleepingtropicalmammals,

,thegreatenergyreservesneeded

tobeabletosleepforanextendedperiodthroughwarmweathermaybemorethan

ore,tropicalmammalsneedtostay

theycounterthedryseason'sreductionintheir

tance,somerodentsthateat

mostlyinsectsduringtherainyseasonswitchtoseedsduringthedryseason;some

batsthatfeedoninsectsswitchtodry-seasonfruits.

dextremeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ed

l

nt

fthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaningin

importantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

【

Tropicalmammals,exceptinthehigh-altitudemountains,donotencountersuch

extremeannualchanges,buttheydofacedryseasons,uptofivemonthslong,that

sometimesseverelyreducefoodsupplies.

】

opicalmammalsdonotexperienceextremetemperaturechangesbutcan

sufferseverefoodlossesfromlongdryseasons.

almammalsinhigh-altitudemountainsencountermoreseverefood

shortagesthanothertropicalmammals.

sonsuptofivemonthslongcauseasmuchdamagetofoodresourcesof

tropicalmammalsasextremeannualchanges.

sonsdonotseverelyreducethefoodsuppliesoftropicalmammalsevery

yearbuttheydooccursometimes.

ingtoparagraph1,mammalsinthetropicsencounterextremetemperature

variationsinwhichofthefollowingsituations

hotsummers

thedryseason

-altitudemountains

therainyseason

ingtoparagraph1,atropicalmammalhibernatingthroughoutthedryseason

wouldencounterallofthefollowingdifficultiesEXCEPT:

dbeeasypreyforpredatorssuchassnakes.

dnotbeabletomaintainasteadybodytemperature.

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tbeattackedbyarmyants.

dnotaccumulatesufficientenergyreserves.

Theabundanceoftropicalfruitbringsupanotherinterestingdifferencebetween

temperateandtropicalmammals:asurprisingnumberoftropicalmammalseatalot

offruit,evenamongthecarnivoregroup,which,asitsnameimplies,shouldbeeating

carnivoresinBrazil,savepumas,jaguars,andotters,areknowntoeat

flection,however,itmakessensethatthesemammals

sveryabundantinthetropics,availablethroughoutmuchofthe

year,and,atleastwhenitisripe,easilydigestedbymammaliandigestivesystems.A

consequenceofsuchfrugivory(fruiteating)isthatmanymammalshavebecome,

togetherwithfrugivorousbirds,majordispersalagentsoffruitseeds,whichtheyspit

outorwhichtravelunharmedthroughtheirdigestivetractstobedepositedinfecesfar

ologistsbelievethat,eventhoughthecarnivoresplainly

arespecializedforhuntingdown,killing,andeatinganimalprey,itislikelythatfruit

hasalwaysbeenapartoftheirdiet.

aseUponreflectioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

sreason

onsideration

portantly

ral

aph2indicateswhichofthefollowingaboutfruittreesinthetropics

vebeentheplantsmoststudiedbybiologistsinthetropics.

n'tneedtogrowmuchbeforetheybegintoproducefruitthattropical

animalscaneat.

nspreadtoareasfarfromthemothertree,inpartbecauseoftheeating

habitsofsomecarnivores.

vebecomethemainsourceoffoodforpumas,jaguars,andotters.

Finally,therearesomedifferencesinthekindsofanimalsinhabitingtropicaland

tance,intropicalregionstherearefewsocialrodentslike

therhand,some

reabout75to

100speciesofNewWorldmonkeys(dependingonwhichprimatespecialistyou

consult),al(tree-living)mammalssuch

asmonkeysandslothsareplentifulintropicalforests,probablybecausethereisarich,

resource-filled,sedcanopyblockslight

totheground,whichallowsonlyanundergrowththatissparseandpoorinresources,

and

thriveinthetropics,beingverysuccessfulbothintermsofnumberofspeciesandin

miliesofbatsoccurinBrazil,includingmorethan140

species;onlyfourfamiliesand40speciesoccurintheentireUnitedStates,anarea

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