《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第1~3章【圣才出品】

《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第1~3章【圣才出品】


2024年2月20日发(作者:联想昭阳是什么系列)

圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第1章 General Principles(概论)

1.1 复习笔记

一、Definitions of Translation(翻译的定义)

Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one

language of what is written or said in another language.

翻译即用一种语言来再现另一种口头或书面的语言文本所传达的意义。

1. Linguistic Views on Translation(语言学视角)

Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style. (Nida & Taber, 1969:12)

翻译就是在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是语义,其次是文体。

2. Cultural Views on Translation(文化视角)

翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化,还要深入了解自己民族的文化。(王佐良,1989)

Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply

between languages. (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:35)

翻译是一个发生在不同文化之间的过程,而不仅仅是语言之间的过程。

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

3. Literary Views on Translation(文学视角)

文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的影响完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中。

语言是塑造文学形象的工具,因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的,翻译要保存原作风格特点,因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、简洁精美、词情并茂。(《译学辞典》,2004:291)

4. Semantic Views on Translation(语义学视角)

Semantic translation: the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and

semantic constraints of the target language, to reproduce the precise contextual

meaning of the author. (Newmark,1982:22)

语义翻译:译者尝试在目标语的句法和语义约束范围内,精确地重现作者所要表达的语境意义。

5. Functional Views on Translation(功能视角)

It is not the source text, or its effects on the source-text recipient, or the

function assigned to it by the author, that determines the translation process, but

the prospective function or purpose of the target text as determined by the

initiator’s, i.e. client’s, needs (Baker, 2001:236).

决定翻译过程的不是源文本或其对源语接受者的影响,也不是作者所赋予源文本的功能,而是目标文本的功能——这是由译语读者的需要所决定的。

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十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

6. Communicative Views on Translation(交际视角)

Communicative translation: the translator attempts to produce the same effect

on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source

language readers. (Newmark,1982:22)

交际翻译:译者极力使译入语读者在阅读译文时能产生像源语读者阅读原文相同的效果。

二、The Assessment of Translation(翻译的标准)

1. Translation Criteria Put Forward by Famous Translators or Translation

Theorists.(著名翻译家提出的翻译标准和理论)

严复(1853-1921):Triple Principle of Translation

信(faithfulness):忠实准确

达(expressiveness):通顺流畅

雅(elegance):文字古雅

鲁迅:信(faithfulness)、顺(smoothness)

凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿,但这保存,却又常常和易懂相矛盾:看不惯了。(《鲁迅全集》第6卷,348页)

林语堂:忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness)、美(beautifulness)

我们并须记得这所包括的就是:第一、译者对原文方面的问题,第二、译者对中文方面的问题,第三、是翻译与艺术文的问题。以译者所负的责任言,第一是译者对原著者的责任, 3 / 152

圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第二是译者对中国读者的责任,第三是译者对艺术的责任。三样的责任全备,然后可以谓具有真正译家的资格。(《论翻译》,林语堂名著全集,1995:306)

傅雷:神似(resemblance in spirit)

以效果而论,(文学)翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。(《高老头》重译本序,1951)

钱钟书:化境(reaching the acme of perfection)

文学翻译的最高境界是“化”,把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于“化境”。换句话说,译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本,因为作品在原文里绝不会读起来像经过翻译似的。(《林纾的翻译》,1964)

刘重德:信、达、切(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness)

信于内容(to be faithful to the content of the original);

达如其分(to be as expressive as the original);

切合风格(to be as close to the original style as possible)(《浑金璞玉集》,1994:9)

许渊冲:三重标准(three levels of criteria)(《翻译的艺术》,1984:26)

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

Alexander Fraser Tytler(泰特勒):Three Principles of Translation(翻译三原则)

(1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original

work;

译作应该完全传达原作的思想;

(2) The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same

character with that of the original;

译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致;

(3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

译作应当和原作一样流畅。

Eugene A. Nida(奈达):Functional Equivalence(功能对等)

(1) A minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalence: The readers of a

translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive

of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.

最低限度而又切合实际的功能对等定义:译文读者对译文的理解应当达到能够想象出原文读者是怎样理解和领会原文的程度。

(2) A maximal, ideal definition of functional equivalence: The readers of a

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the

same manner as the original readers did.

最高限度合乎理想的功能对等定义:译文读者应当能够基本上按照原文读者理解和领会原文的方式来理解和领会译文。

Peter Newmark(纽马克):Communicative and Semantic Translation(交际翻译与语义翻译)

(1) Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as

close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.

交际翻译力图对译作读者产生尽可能接近原作读者所获得的效果。

(2) Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and

syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of

the original.

语义翻译力图在译作语言的语义结构和句法结构允许的情况下,译出原作在上下文中的准确意义。

2. Other Factors Affecting the Evaluation of Translation(其他影响翻译评定的因素)

The intention of the author, the purpose of the translation, the needs of the

client, the reader for whom the translation is intended, the subject-matter, the style

and nature of the original work, the cost, the time requirement, etc.

作者的意图、翻译的目的、客户的需求、翻译的受众、翻译的主体、原文的题材和特点、 6 / 152


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