2024年2月16日发(作者：oppo手机官网首页)

作业讲评：

The Founders of Modern Science

The men who founded modern science had two merits

which are not necessarily found together: immense patience

in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis.

The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest

Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable

degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one

among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed

both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either.

Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He

knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing

in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly

bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the

diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical

hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.

创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。其中第二种长处最早期的希腊哲学家先前曾有过，第一种长处在古代晚期的天文家身上也有相当程度的表现。但是在古代人中间，也许除亚里士达克外，没有人同时具备这两种长处，而中世纪的时候，更无人具备任何一种。哥白

尼像他的一些伟大的后继者，两者兼有。关于各天体在天球上的外观运动，用当时已有的仪器所能知道的一切他全都知道；他并且认识到，地球每日自转一周这种讲法和所有天体旋转这讲法比起来，是个较简便的假说。

Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法) (part 2)

2 Semantic Translation (意译)

Proper nouns such as the names of organizations,

institutions, newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, news

agencies, books, films, some names of places implying

certain meanings, and most of technical terms, should

generally be translated semantically. Translators should first

refer to encyclopedias, dictionaries, and specialized

handbooks such as 《各国政府机构手册》、《联合国组织机构名称》、《世界报刊、电台、通讯社译名手册》、《英汉技术词典》、各科专门术语手册.

Daily Telegraph (英、澳、新)每日电讯报

Pentagon 五角大楼(美国国防部所在地)

AP (Associated Press) 美联社(美国联合通讯社)

Whitehall 白厅(英国政府机关所在地)

Fleet Street 舰队街(英国伦敦的一条街，报馆集中的地方)

sandwich course 工读交替制课程

In translating names of organizations,

institutions, titles, etc, remember that different

established versions may apply for different usage of

the same term:

President 总统；大学校长；会长；总裁；董事长；总经理；银行行长；等等

Chairman(通常男性)主席；董事长；总裁；会长；理事长；委员长；等等

Secretary of State 大臣(英国)；国务卿(美国)

Governor (美)州长；(澳)州总督；(印)邦长；(泰)府尹

Most technical terms should be translated

semantically, so that they can be readily understood

by readers. Nothing gives the translator who is a

stranger to a given subject more trouble than the

translation of technical terms.

cruise missile 巡航导弹

stereovision 立体视角

picture phone 电视电话

micro film 缩微胶卷

modem (= modulator-demodulator) 调制解调器 (调解器)

balun (= balanced-unbalanced transformer) 平衡—不平衡变换器

cermet (= ceramics + metal) 金属陶瓷

avionics ( = aviation + electronics) 航空电子学

voder (= voice operation demonstrator) 语音合成仪

LLLTV (= low light level television) 微光电视

English is characterized by its openness of

vocabulary. Words borrowed from other languages

are often translated semantically:

cassette (法) 盒式磁带

raster (德)光栅

kamikaze (日)神风突击机

tungsten (瑞典)钨

silo (西班牙) 导弹发射井

robot (捷)机器人；(南非)自动交通信号机

Many common words have new meanings in the

vocabulary of science and technology:

child (计算机)子进程；子节点

host (计算机)主机，宿主机

jewel box (case) (计算机)光盘拿

angel (无线电)仙波，杂散反射

back up (计算机)备份；返回

bug 窃听器；防盗报警器；故障

A good command of the meanings implied in

prefixes or suffixes and of the word-forma-tion of

technical terms is of great help to translators.

3 Both Transliteration and Semantic translation

(半音音意译)

Some proper names, technical terms or other

common nouns may be partly transliterated and partly

translated semantically:

club 俱乐部

kilowatt 千瓦

Cambridge 剑桥

neon sign 霓虹灯

Brinell test 布氏试验

Babbit metal 巴氏合金

Ohm's law 欧姆定律

Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程式

Some words may be transliterated with semantic

translation added at the end or at the beginning (加字法):

jeep 吉普车

sardine 沙丁鱼

utopia 乌托邦

invar 因钢

beer 啤酒

flannel 法兰绒

carbine 卡宾枪

bar 酒吧

card 卡片

Dural 杜拉铝

czar (tsar) 沙皇

logic 逻辑学

hamburger 汉堡包

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

Names from trade marks are often thus

translated:

Ford Escort (美)福特汽车公司护卫牌汽车

Honda (日) 本田汽车公司

Datsun (日 )达特桑汽车公司

Toyota Corolla (日)丰田汽车公司花冠牌汽车

4 Shape-related Symbol Translation with a

Semantic Explanation Added at the End (形译兼意译)

cross 十字架

zigzag wave 曲折波

pyramid 金字塔

T-beam 丁字梁

mattock 鹤嘴锄

I-steel 工字钢

barrel 琵琶桶

Y-pipe Y(叉)形管

setsquare 三角板

S-link S 形连接

vanishing cream 雪花膏

V-way V 形导轨

herringbone gear 人字齿轮

C-washer C 形垫圈

5 Semantic Translation with the Original

Alphabet, Abbreviation, or Number at the

Beginning or at the End (意译兼字母、缩略语、型号、牌号、标号、数字)

ATM (automated teller machine) ATM 机(自动柜员机)

IC (integrated circuit) IC卡 (集成电路卡)

X ray X光 (照片)

pH (法语 potentiel d'hydrogene) pH 值(氢离子浓度指数)

AT cut (晶片的) AT切割

p-n junction (半导体中的) pn结

Vitamin-B12 维生素B12

B-52 (美) B52轰炸机

Boeing 737 波音737客机

FORTRAN FORTRAN 语言

Alfenol 16 含铝16%的铝铁高导磁合金

Model SI-170A chuck lathe SI-170A型卡盘车床

6 Borrowing of the Original Abbreviation (借用原文缩略语)

Direct borrowings of the original abbreviations

are more often used than before as a result of frequent

cross-cultural communications, the development of

foreign language education in China, the introduction

of science and technology, and the remarkable

progress in the spread of English as an international

language. Their increasing use offers a direct and

simpler way to express what has been newly created.

The fifth edition of 《现代汉语词典》(2005) includes

quite a number of these borrowings, such as:

AV (audio-visual) 音频和视频

TMD (Theater Missile Defense) 战区导弹防御系统

WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网

OTC (over the counter) 非处方药

CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) 只读光盘

SOHO (small office home office)小型家居办公室

IDD (international direct dial) 国际直拨电话

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

国际标准化组织

CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版编目；预编目录

EMS (express mail service) 邮政特快专递

GRIg (Graduate Record Examination) 美国等国家研究生入学资格考试

ISBN (international standard book number)国际标准书号

APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作组织

MP3 (MPEG I audio layer 3) 播放数字音频压缩格式音频文件的袖珍型电子产品

7 Coinage of New Characters (创造新词)

There seems a final way to translate technical terms,

i.e., to coin new Chinese characters if need be.

However, new characters should be acknowledged by

scientists or specialists.

* Chemical elements:

uranium (U) 铀 plutonium (Pu) 钚

radon (Rn) 氡 platinum (Pt) 铂

* Chemical nouns:

ammonia 氨 ether 醚 alkane 链烷

benzene 苯

* Medicines:

sulfadiazine 磺胺嘧啶 phenolphthalein

酚酞

Drills for this section

(1) Translate the following proper names of persons

and places:

1. Charles De Gaulle 9. Caesar (Cezar)

2. Napoleon 10. Osaka

3. Pearl S. Buck 11. Kakuei Tanaka

4. Yoshida 12. Syngman Rhee

5. Seoul 13. John Leighton Stuart

6. Vladivostok 14. John King Fairbank

7. Khabarovsk 15. (Mexican)

8. Gold Coast 16. Little Rock

(2) Translate the following proper nouns:

1. NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

2. United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP)

3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

4. Mathematics for the Million (magazine)

5. Labour Monthly (British periodical)

6. Baltimore Sun (American newspaper)

7. Reader's Digest (American periodical)

8. Malayan Monitor (newspaper)

9. United Press International (UPI)

10. Rebecca (American novel & film)

11. The Gold Rush (American film by Chaplin)

12. Oliver Twist (by Charles Dickens)

(3) Translate the following technical terms:

1. morphine 5. magneto phone

2. barometer 6. p-n-p transistor

3. photoflash 7. Trident-3B (British

plane)

4. sputnik (from Russian) 8. ground-to-air

missile

9. Sprint (--Solid Propellant Rocket Interceptor)

10. Samos (=Satellite and Missile Observation

System)

(4) Explain your choices from the following

translations:

1. university college

①大学学院②大学夜校部

2. institute of technology

①工艺学校②工科大学③理工学院

3. career education

①事业教育②生计教育③职业教育(onal

education)

4. middle school

①中间学校②中学(cf. high school, secondary

school)

5. Xerox Corporation (美)

①施乐公司②(克)塞罗克斯公司

6. Texas Instruments (美)

①午克萨斯仪器公司②德州仪器公司

7. IBM (International Business Machine) (美)

①国际商业机器公司②万国通用机器公司

8. Control Data Corporation (美)

①控制数据公司②资料管理公司

9. President Reagan

①里根总统()②雷根总统

10. analysis of variance program

①不同程序的分析②方差分析程序

11. description of population program

①人口程序的叙述方法②总体描述程序

12. sweetened condensed milk

①甜炼乳②加糖冷凝牛奶

13. Red Star over China (by Edgar Snow)

①《西行漫记》②《红星普照中国》③《中国上空的红星》

14. Uncle Tom's Cabin

①《黑奴吁天录》(林纾译)②《汤姆叔叔的小屋》③《汤姆大伯的小屋》

15. David Copperfield

①《块肉余生述》(林纾译)②《大卫·科波菲尔》

16. Ham]et

①《王子复仇记》②《哈姆雷特》

17. The Call of the Wild

①《野性的呼声》②《荒野的呼唤》

18. Wuthering Heights

①《魂归离恨天》②《呼啸山庄》

19. A Farewell to Arms

①《战地春梦》②《永别了，武器》③《永别了，战争》

20. For Whom the Bell Tolls (by E. Hemingway)

①《战地钟声》②《丧钟为谁而鸣》③《钟为谁呜》

21. Soldier's Home

①《一个士兵的家庭》②《士兵回家》③《军人之家》

22. Sister Carrie

①《嘉莉姑娘》②《嘉莉妹妹》

23. Gone With the Wind

①《飘》②《随风逝去》③《往事如烟》④《乱世佳人》

24. NewArabian Adventures (British film)

①《新天方夜谭》②《新阿拉伯历险记》

25. The Voyage of Damned (British film)

①《该死的航程》②《苦海余生》

26. A Night to Remember (British film)

①《难忘的一夜》②《冰海沉船》

27. The Last Snows of Spring (Italian film)

①《父子情深》②《春天的残雪》

28. Sound of Music (American fi]m)

①《仙乐风飘处处闻》②《音乐之声》

29. Waterloo Bridge (American film)

①《魂断蓝桥》②《滑铁卢桥》

30. Brief Encounter (British film)

①《短暂的邂逅》②相见恨晚》

31. Blood and Sand (American film)

①《血和沙》②《碧血黄沙》

All’s Well That Ends Well

As You Like It

Carve Her Name with Pride

Oliver Twist

Love’s Labour’s Lost

Much Ado About Nothing

The Pilgrim’s Progress

She Stoops to Conquer

The War of the Worlds

Homework:

One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman,

accompanied by a young girl of eighteen, presented herself

at the clerk’s dest of the pricipal hotel in Columbus, Ohio,

and made inquiry as to whether there was anything about the

place that she could do. She was of helpless, fleshy build,

with a frank, open counternance and an innocent, diffident

manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt

such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked

sympathetically into the counternances of the distraught and

helpless poor know anything about. Any one could see

where the daughter behind her got the timidity and

shamefacedness which now caused her to stand back and

look indifferently away. She was a product of the fancy, the

feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind

of her mother combined with the gravity and poise which

were characteristic of her father. Poverty was driving them.

Together they presented so appealingly a picture of honest

necessity that even the clerk was affected.