2024年1月9日发(作者：civilisation)

填空lly speaking, in terms of contextuality, the

communication in the West is

low-contextual while that in the

East is

lly speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts

Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic lly speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West

follows

Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows

synthetic and concrete thinking4. Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West

uses

Deductive pattern, while the East uses

inductive pattern5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are

Confucius,

Lao

Tze,

Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha

Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are

Hebrew prophets,

and the great thinkers in the West are

Plato,

Homer and

Archimedes

选择-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive

categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such

as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual

combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.al contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time,

expression, touch, taste; space, time, ance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, nt, smell, paralanguage; space, time, Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs

and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars

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name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more

fanciful impression than information, and the information is

usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other

“goodness” aspects so as to attract people. We may term this

style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with

objective information. To them, much-repeated words may mean

less after a while. We may term the Western writing as

________-oriented.C

A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, WesternC. impression, information C. indirect, direct3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western

belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe

that_______.BA. basically good; basically badB. evil but perfectible, basically goodC. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;D. unknown4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief

holds that _______, while the Asian people believe

that_______.DA. subjugation to nature; harmony with natureB. harmony with nature; mastery over natureC. harmony with nature; subjugation to natureD. mastery over nature; harmony with nature5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the USA is______,

the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia,

Britain, Greece, France are ______.CA. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time orientedB. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-orientedC. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-orientedD. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented

6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, the

Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is

______.D A. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-oriented B. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-oriented C. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented D. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented

7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic view.

It goes by the following different names: D2

A. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity versus

imaginationB. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology;

imagination versus subjectivity C. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion; subjugation

versus subjectivity D. reason versus intuition; science versus religion; objectivity

versus subjectivity

8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The

Hindu thinks in order to _______. It is meditation. The Chinese

thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. C A. do; die; live

B. spectacle; meddle; contempt C. understand; think; self-cultivate D. think; self-cultivate; understand 9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____B A. something is wrong with your body and you can only stand. B. body language is important. C. body contact is dangerous. D. we can’t separate mind from body. 10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by

sharing ______, while in China, people make friends by

sharing _______.B

A. personal relationship; activities B. activities; personal relationship C. love; blood D. blood; love 11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countries are

__________________________________, while the low

contact countries are ________________________________.C A. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries; Arab

world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia B. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia,

Middle East C. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US,

Britain, most Northern European countries D. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain,

most Northern European countries 12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of

communication, the high-contextual people are

__________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are

________________________________A A. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans,

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16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first, while in

extended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. B A. family; individual B. individual; family C. husband; wife D. wife; it comes to friendship, an American friend would feel that

they had _______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go

shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best

4German, Swiss B. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, Chinese,

Japanese C. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans,

Japanese, British D. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans,

Chinese, Koreans 13. Each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show

that people from ________, ________, ________have a

smaller personal territory than do people from ________,

________, _________.A

A. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries;

North America, Britain, Germany B. North America, Britain, Germany; South America, Arab

countries, and many Asian countries C. South America, Britain, Germany; North America, Arab

countries, and many Asian countries. D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries;

South America, Britain, Germany 14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much more

important to the individual than the extended family, while in

____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the

extended family is very important. C A. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, African B. Arabian; American, Asian, African, Hispanic C. American; Asian, African, Arabian, Hispanic D. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______,

______, ________for help, while in extended-family culture,

people rely mainly on ________for help. C A. families, friends, professionals; families B. families, friends, professionals; institutions C. friends, professionals, institutions; families D. friends, families, institutions; professionals

friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to

assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A

close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for

help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they

give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer

to be ______, so they do not feel comfortable in a relationship

in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent

on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a

matter of providing ______ support and ______. B A. depended too much; limitless; small; say “OK”; dependent;

receiving; material; get separate

B. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”;

independent; giving; emotional; spend time together. C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”; free;

earning; financial; get involved D. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”; independent;

giving; spiritual; get together.18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seem

virtually ________ for all practical purposes. Chinese friends

give each other much ________ ________help and assistance

than Western friends do. For example, they give each other

_______ and might help each other _______for a _______period

of time. A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are

in need in some way, offers to assist you _________.C A. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short; when

being asked B. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long;

unwillingly C. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; without

waiting to be asked D. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if required19. In times of trouble, both American and Chinese friends give

each other emotional support, but they do it differently. A

Chinese friend is more likely to be ________ to give _______

advice to a friend, while an American friend will be ________ to

give ________ advice, instead she may raise questions to

encourage her friend to consider carefully what may happen if

she does one thing instead of another. C A. cautious; detailed; ready; specific B. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guideline C. ready; specific; cautious; direct D. unwilling; direct; ready; specific20. When it comes to the relationship between parents and married

sons, in China, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______

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III. 判断:

Generally speaking, China is an equal society, America is a

hierarchy society. ( F )Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the power distance is small,

while in America, the power distance is large. ( F )Both the Asian and Western countries have the concept of “face”,

and “face” has the same social significance for these countries in

that one’s face is also the face of one’s group.( F )The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts” as opposed to

“opinions”. ( T )A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is to

look upward, for the Hindu is to look inward, for the Confucians is

to look outward. (F )Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware of

them, and we make judgments according to them. (F )Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F )Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of only

two possible choices. People everywhere possess the same values

to different degrees, and the importance of that common value, how

it gets acted out, is a matter of degree. ( T)“Lover” and “爱人”have the same meaning. ( F )In both China and Western countries, it is very common and usual

for adults to fondle other people’s babies and very small children

to show their affection and friendliness. ( F )IV. 翻译:6than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel between

his wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most

he might hope to __________, and this was regarded as

________. In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is

_______ than that with his wife. He would be expected to

______________. He might even be counseled to

_______________ the vicinity of his parents’ home to ease the

conflict. D A. more important; side with his mother; side with his father;

honorable; more important; side with no one; move into B. less important; side with no one; say something; honorable;

less important; side with his father; get away fromC. less important; side with his wife; remain silent; dishonorable;

more important; side with his wife; move intoD. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral;

dishonorable; less important; side with his wife; move away

countries:ate the following Chinese into English:1)容忍tolerance of others2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3)修养self-cultivation

4)不重竞争non-competitiveness5)信用trust-worthiness6)贞节chastity in women7)寡欲having few desires

服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety8)V. Tell the meaning of the following gestures in different

ate the following English into Chinese:1)Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity. 天人合一2)Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds response

in Nature. 天人感应3)Nature accords with human wishes. 天从人愿4)Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are in the

company of “redness”, but “black”(bad) if you are in close

contact with ink. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑

5)God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者6)Look before you leap. 三思而后行7)A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch. 轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难毁万木林He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿耗子，多管闲事8)7

e 2

e 1 Gesture 3

In the US, England, Sweden it is used together with the verbal message

“Let’s keep our fingers crossed” to mean that _ the person is hoping for

good luck______________. In Greece and Turkey it means the breaking of

a friendship ________________. In parts of Italy it means _ OK _____.In the US it means Great, perfect, acceptable, OK_______________. In

Belgium and France, it means _ zero_____. In Brazil, Turkey, Greece and

Malta it has _ an obscene _____ meaning. In Japan it means ___ money

_______. In Tunisia, it is used ___ as threat _______.

It means ____ Slow down”, “relax” or “wait a second ________________.8

Part 2I. Answer the following are the implications of the individualism in the West and the

collectivism in the East? (P66-68) your interpretations with examples about the Chinese and the

Western modes of thinking. （P93-97）II. Case analysis: the following Chinese poem and English statements and see what

messages you can draw from it that are relevant to intercultural

communication study. (P28-29)1)横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。2)You will not know your own culture well until you communicate

with another,3)If we do not recognize our humanity in others, we will not recognize

it in the quotation from Abraham Lincoln and work out what value he

expressed. Explain this value.(P59-60) We do wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance to get rich

with everyone else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life,

free society is such that he knows he can better his condition; he knows

that there is no fixed condition of labor for his whole the case and then try to answer the questions that follow. (P86-92) Wu had just started working for a Swedish company that had

extensive business commitments in China. A large part of his work

concerned advising his expatriate colleagues on Chinese business

practices. This involved both writing reports and recommendations and

addressing meetings. As he was very anxious to succeed, Wu always researched his topics

thoroughly and tried to make his presentations as clear as possible.

However, he gradually became aware that something was wrong. It often

seemed that nobody listened to him and his advice was ignored. When he

spoke at meetings, he felt that people were impatient and uninterested in

what he had to say. He got more and more unhappy and began to feel that

his colleagues were not interested in his opinions because he was

Chinese. This, he thought, was racism.

The company had a policy of annual review, which meant that every

staff member met with the managing director once a year to discuss his

or her progress. When the time came for Wu’s review, he managing

director gave him a copy of the company’s assessment of his

performance. The assessment praised his hard work, but made the

following, very serious criticisms:① When speaking at meetings,

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arguments are often unfocused and speeches lack clear direction. ②

Written reports contain too much irrelevant material. ③ In both speaking

and writing, material is poorly organized, with important

recommendations often appearing only at the end of the report. ④ Often

appears uncertain about the points he wants to make. Wu was shocked by these criticisms. He could not understand why

they had been made and he was not sure what to do about them. Questions:

1)Why do you think the company criticized Wu in this way?2)Do you think he is correct to conclude that the problem is racism?3)What cultural expectations about presenting information orally and

in writing may account for the negative evaluation of Wu’s work?4)Give advice to Wu on dealing with each of the specific criticisms

the managing director the 1990s, the return of Hong Kong to China was a heated topic in

many media. But the Chinese term 香港回归has two versions in

English. The term which was used in English newspapers published in

China was “return”, while in the West the chosen term was “revert”. For

example:1)The report was divided into several parts…ensuring the smooth

return of Hong Kong and promoting the reunification of the

motherland. (Beijing Review. Mar. 17-23. 1997. p. 7)2)He will officially take office on July 1, 1997, the day Hong Kong

reverts to China. (Times. Dec. 23, 1996. p.47)Please use the theory of a word’s denotation and connotation to account

for the difference in the choice of words. (P79-80)10

Part -False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or

false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”. （每题1 分，共20 分） term “intercultural communication” was first used by Geert Hofstede in

1959.

defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in our daily

interactions.

most of Africa, Argentina and Peru, putting one’s index finger to his

temple means ‘You are crazy.’

typing is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes

your experiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.

are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a

culture. They are the innermost “skin of the onion.”

from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereas

this may be understood as evading or even insulting in other cultures.

oning one’s coat is a sign of openness, friendliness or willingness to

reach an agreement.

order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must

provide for a win-lose situation.

Hall’s theory states that the four levels embody the total concept of

culture like an onion – symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.

10. Successfulintercultural business communication involves knowing the

ethnocentrisms of persons in other cultures. Understanding the mindsets of both

oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.

11. Ethnocentrism is the belief that somebody else’s cultural background,

including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and

nonverbal communication, is better than our own.

12. People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do not

like change as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures.

13. When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes and

other forms of humor during the actual business sessions.

14. In the business circle, American business people use first names immediately.

15. Companies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as in

Arab countries men may refuse to work with women.

16. In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your

right hand.

17. When accepting a business card, German business people carefully look at the

card, observe the title and organization, acknowledge with a nod that they have

digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or ask a polite

question.

18. The OK sign may be interpreted as asking for money by Japanese business

people.

19. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural

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d.

4.

a.

b.

c.

d.

5.

a.

b.

c.

d.

People in various cultures have basically similar values.

People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tend to

do one thing at a time.

be committed to people.

borrow and lend things often.

build lifetime relationships.

Which statement regarding haptics is incorrect?

In Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.

Japan is considered a "don't touch" culture.

Greece is considered a "touch" culture.

In Latin American countries, touching between men is unacceptable.

12communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal

language.

20. In short, intercultural communication competence requires sufficient

awareness knowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is

sufficient to achieve intercultural communication competence.

ation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and

English terms into Chinese. （每题1 分，共20 分）

1. stereotypes2. paralanguage

3. ethnocentrism4. masculinity

5. high-context culture 6. monochronic time

7. speech act8. conversation taboos

9. vocal qualifiers10. power distance

le Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer. （每题1 分，共20 分）tanding another culture ________.

s businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe and act as

they do

best achieved through “do’s and don’ts” lists

important for businesspeople because they can appear to be better

informed

’t necessary for businesspeople

-linear languages ______.

object oriented

time as a continuum of present, past and future

circular, tradition oriented and subjective

to short-range planning in business practices

3. Which statement about values is incorrect?

a. Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a

culture.

b. Values are learned by contacts with family members, teachers, and religious

leaders.

c. Values will be influenced by what is seen on television or read in newspapers.

11. 译码13. 文化震惊15. 概念意义17. 礼貌原则19. 空间语言different cultures.

12. 偏见14. 不确定性回避16. 语用错误18. 归纳法20. 礼仪与礼节10. Which statement is incorrect?

a. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge of

another culture's nonverbal communication patterns.

b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.

des toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages in

intercultural encounters.

in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch the

behavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.

ge is important because it _____

us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how we

136. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is

_____.

a.a view of hierarchical structure of social relationship

b.a view of group orientation structure of social relationship

c.a view of individual orientation structure of social relationship

of the above

7. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from another

culture include all of the following except:

a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.

b. avoid telling jokes.

c. avoid personal questions.

d. keep the conversation positive.

8. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshake?

a. In the U.S., a handshake should be firm.

b. An Asian handshake is usually gentle.

c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival and departure.

d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.

statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect?

a. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.

b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.

using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the facts

and goes to generalizations.

d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation with

perceive others.

us to be understood by foreigners.

determined by colonialism.

stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.

12. Which of the following countries uses high-context language?

y

States

13. Slang is generally _____

tood by everyone.

by the masses.

translated.

by subgroups.

14. Nonverbal communication does not include _____

a. chromatics.

b. chronemics.

s.

ics.

15. Dominance, harmony, and subjugation are all value orientations that correspond to

which of the following cultural problems?

is the nature of human beings?

is the relationship of humans to nature?

is the orientation of humans to time?

is the human orientation to activity?

16. Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultural communication

because_______.

provide a compact description of a culture’s values

tell a great deal about what a culture praises and what it rejects

unite a people with the wisdom of their ancestors

of the above

17. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance?

a. One group's truth should not be imposed on others.

b. Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.

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c. Citizen protest should be repressed.

d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.

The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is that

ge is just a device for reporting a person's experience.

languages can represent the same social reality.

social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak the

language.

ge functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.

19. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated by

a. sending only top executives abroad.

b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.

c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.

d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal

and professional qualifications.

20. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

a. Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpful when

conversing with persons in another culture.

b. We need to keep things in perspective and not get offended each time we

deal with someone who has a different attitude toward touching

c. Good advice when communicating with persons in other cultures is to

keep gestures to a minimum

18.d. Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbal

communication is almost always interpreted the same in each culture.

参考答案True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write

T for “true” and F for “false”.

I.1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6.T 7.T 8. F 9. F 10.T

11. F 12. F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17. F 18. T 19.T 20.F

ation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms

into Chinese.

11. stereotypes 定势/刻板印象2. paralanguage 辅助语言/副语言13. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义4. masculinity男性特征15. high-context culture高语境文化6. monochronic time 单一时间观念17. speech act 言语行为8. conversation taboos 对话禁忌15

111. 译码decoding12. 偏见prejudice

111119. vocal qualifiers 声音修饰10. power distance权力距离1. a 2.a 3.d 4.a 5.d 6.a 7. a 8. d 9. c 10.b

11. a 12.c 13.d 14.d 15.b 16. d 17.a 18. d 19. d 20. d

le Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.

17. 礼貌原则the Politeness Principle 18. 归纳法inductive pattern

15. 概念意义denotational meaning 16. 语用错误pragmaticfailure

13. 文化震惊cultural shock 14. 不确定性回避uncertainty avoidance

19. 空间语言spatial language/proximics 20. 礼仪与礼节etiquette and protocol

16