2023年12月1日发(作者：oneplus7pro是什么型号)

Unit One Hit the Nail on the Head

/gjyy 2009-2-28

教学时数：4学时

教学目的与要求：通过本单元的学习，要求学生熟悉课文内容，掌握新的英语词

汇和理解课文基本大意，能够对课文的主旨进行简单总结和评论，并独立完成本

单元练习题。

教学重点：重点句子的理解。

教学难点：creep, loiter, march, meander, pace, patrol, plod, prowl,

ramble, roam, saunter, shuffle, stagger, stalk, step, tread, trudge,

and walk 的词义辨析。

About Style 语体（文体；风格）

1. variation in a person‘s speech or writing. Style usually varies from

casual to formal according to the type of situation, the person or

persons addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. a particular

style, e.g. a formal style or a colloquial style, is sometimes referred to

as a stylistic variety (语体类型)。Some linguists use the term

―register‖ for a stylistic variety whilst others differentiate between the

two.

2. Style can also refer to a particular person‘s use of speech or writing

at all times or to a way of speaking or writing at a particular period of

time, e.g. Dickens‘s style, the style of Shakespeare, an 18 –century

th

style of writing.

About the author:

Alan Warner(1912- ), English teacher at Makerere College, Kampala,

Uganda. The selection is Chapter 7 of his book A Short Guide to English

Style (1961), which consists of three parts: Part One, How to write

clean English; Part Two, the development of English style; and Part

Three, English styles today. In writing the book, the author has tried

to keep in mind the special needs and difficulties of those students for

whom English is not the mother tongue.

I．Background Information

1．Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), French novelist, was associated

with, thought not representative of, the movement of naturalism and

known as one of the greatest realists of nineteenth-century France. He

devoted his life to long hours spent in heavy toil over his work. His

writing is marked by exactness and accuracy of observation, extreme

impersonality and objectivity of treatment, and precision and

expressiveness in style, or the principle of the mot juste.

2. Mrs. Malaprop is a famous character in Sheridan‘s comedy The

Rivals (1775). She is noted for her blunders in the use of words. ―As

headstrong as an allegory (alligator) on the banks of the Nile‖ is one

of her grotesque misapplications. She also requests that no delusions

(allusions) to the past be made. She has given us the word

malapropism as a name for such mistakes.

(谢里丹Sheridan，Richard Brinsley, 英国剧作家，政治家。1751年10月

30日生于爱尔兰，卒于1816年7月7日。谢里丹先入哈罗中学，后学法律。

从1775年他的第一部剧作上演，到1779年共写了7部剧本。自1776年至

1809年一直经营朱瑞巷剧院。1780年后主要从事政治活动，当过议员，并在

外交部、财政部和海军内任过要职，拥护自由民主，反对不义战争和反对压迫平

民。谢里丹最有名的剧作《造谣学校》是英国风俗喜剧最佳作品之一。他的全部

作品几乎都是以明快的机智嘲弄当时那个感情脆弱的社会，并以卓越的性格描绘

著称。其他作品有喜剧《情敌》、喜歌剧《陪媪》、据17世纪末英国剧作家范

布勒《失足》改写的喜剧《斯卡巴勒之行》、滑稽剧《批评家》以及据同时代德

国剧作家科采布《秘鲁的西班牙人》改编的悲剧《皮扎罗》等)

3．Hindi is a literary and official language of northern India. Swahili is

a Bantu language that is a trade the governmental language over

much of East Africa and in the Congo region. Bantus are people

belonging to a group of tribes found in equatorial and southern Africa.

4. Carpenter The chief work of the carpenter is to cut, shape, and

fasten lumber, timbers, and other materials according to the intention

of the designer. Building plans show dimensions and locations, but

rarely give the carpenter all the necessary information. A carpenter

and musicals.

II. Teaching Points

Para 1:

1. The sentence ―So with language; . . . firmly and directly‖

establishes the link between the driving of a nail and the choice of a

word.

2. Paraphrase: A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase,

an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective, will not satisfy a writer

who aims at clean English.

Once we are able to use language accurately, we are in a position to

fully understand our subject matter.

3. How can I know what I think till I see what I say? This sounds

stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it.

It sounds irrational that a person does not know what he himself

thinks before he sees what he says. But as a matter of fact, it is quite

true that unless we have found the exact words to verbalize our own

thoughts we can never be very sure of what our thoughts are; without

words, our thoughts cannot be defined or stated in a clear and precise

manner.

Para 4:

1. human and humane

human — relating or characteristic of humankind or people; of,

characterizing, or relating to man

humane — having or showing compassion or benevolence;

characterized by kindness, mercy, sympathy. Humane is an earlier

form of human. The two words are of the same origin.

Para 7:

1. Malapropism: the unintentional misuse of a word by confusing it

with one that resembles it, such as human for humane, singularity for

singleness.（音近词的滑稽误用）

Para 9:

1. But the misuse of ―imprison‖ is a different case. It is wrongly chosen

because the user has failed to recognize its connotation.

Para 10:

1. March: walk with firm regular steps like a soldier 齐步前进，行军

Pace: walk with slow, steady steps, especially backwards and forwards

踱方步

Patrol: go at regular times round an area, building, etc. 巡逻

Stalk: walk stiffly, proudly, or with long steps高视阔步地走

Stride: walk with long steps or cross with one long step大踏步地走

Tread on: step on踩，践踏

Tramp: walk with firm heavy steps用沉重的脚步走

Step out: (U.S.) go outside or go somewhere暂时走开

Prance: move quickly, happily, or proudly with a springing step欢跃

的走

Strut: walk proudly or stiffly, especially with the chest pushed forward

and trying to look important 趾高气扬地走

Prowl: move about an area quietly, trying not to be seen or heard 徘

徊，潜行

Plod: walk slowly along (trudge) 沉重缓慢的走

Stroll: walk a short distance, slowly or lazily, especially for pleasure.

闲逛 散步

Shuffle: walk by dragging one''s feet slowly along 拖着脚走

Stagger: walk or move unsteadily and with great difficulty, almost

falling蹒跚

Sidle: move uncertainly or secretively, as if really to turn and go the

other way 侧身而行

Trudge: walk with heavy steps, slowly and with effort (plod) 步履艰难

的走

Toddle: walk with short, unsteady steps, as a small child does 蹒跚行

走

Ramble: go on a walk for enjoyment 漫步

Roam: wander with not very clear purpose漫步

Saunter: walk with an unhurried way, and especially in a confident

manner (lounge)闲逛

Meander: wander in a slow easy way漫步 散步

Lounge: move in a leisurely, indolent manner (saunter) 闲荡

Loiter: move slowly or keep stopping when one should be going

forward走走停停

Creep: move slowly, quietly, and carefully so as not to attract

attention蹑手蹑脚地走

SEE: behold, look at, glimpse, glanced at, view, survey, perceive,

notice, observe, discern, distinguish, remark, comprehend,

understand, know

死的表示法：亡，故，卒，毙，薨，陨，崩，故世，献身，长眠，逝世，寿终，

没了，入土，断气，溘逝，驾崩，大行，回老家，玩儿完，填沟壑，翘辫子，见

马克思，一命呜呼，三长两短，香消玉陨，呜呼哀哉，跨鹤西游，吹灯拔蜡，去

极乐世界。。。。。。

III. Organization and Development

1. Structure:

Para. 1 Introduction – it is an analogy between the hammering of nails

and the use of language to express oneself. A man with a poor

command of a language, not sure what words to use to express

himself, is just like a man clumsy with a hammer, unsuccessful in his

effort to strike a nail right into a box. / A man with a good command

of a language, just like a skillful carpenter who easily drives home the

nail with a few firm, deft blows, will drive home his point firmly and

exactly with the right words and expressions.

Language use

Clumsy carpenter

(get half of the nail into a box)

Skillful carpenter

(hit the nail squarely on the head)

Carpentry

Good craftsman

(choose words that will drive home his point firmly & exactly)

Bad craftsman

(more-or-less-right words, loose phrases, ambiguous expressions,

vague adjectives)

CC : SC

GC : BC

subject the writer utilizes to help explain his unfamiliar subject.

IV. Interactive Activity

1. Oral practice: Use the way of analogy to illustrate your ideas of

dormitory life/ your love for your parents/ the friendship between you

and one of your best friends

Written work: write a short summary of "Hit the nail on the head",

making clear how the writer uses "analogy" to illustrate an abstract

point.

Add-on materials

V Proverbs and Idioms

English proverbs and idioms: (very important because of their specific

cultural connotations)

1. Hit the nail on the head

2. To play by ear 凭听觉记忆演奏

Neil sat at the piano and began playing, by ear, the music he''d heard

his older sister practicing.

In hot water 遇到麻烦；处于困境

The company has already been in hot water over high prices this year.

(like) Water off a duck‘s back 不起作用, 毫无影响

Close to the vest 把...保守秘密; 避免不必要的危险 play (it) close to the

vest

A vest is a piece of underwear which you can wear on the top half of

your body in order to keep warm. (BRIT; in AM use undershirt)

The shoe is on the other foot情况完全不同了；责任在别人身上；情况相反；

地位倒转；位置对调

To keep an ear to the ground

To be on the watch for new trends or information. 敏锐，精明：注意新

动向或信息

To bark up the wrong tree

To misdirect one''s energies or attention. 找错目标：精力或注意力集中

在错误地方

To fly off handle [美口]冒火, 激动；死, 翘辫子

To twist someone‘s arm

To coerce by or as if by physical force:向某人施加压力，用或好象用施加

压力的办法来强迫某人服从

To charge someone an arm and a leg

an arm and a leg【俚语】: An excessively high price 非常高的价格：

a cruise that cost an arm and a leg.

Taking candy from a baby

He''d take a candy from a baby. [美口]他是个贪得无厌的人

Bottom line

The line in a financial statement that shows net income or loss. 帐本

底线，盈亏一览结算线：在财务报表中用此线标明净收益或净损失

The final result or statement; upshot 结果，结局：最后结果或声明；结

果：

―The bottom line, however, is that he has escaped‖(David Wise)

―然而，最后的结局是他逃掉了‖(戴维·怀斯)

The main or essential point 要点或关键之处：

―A lot can happen between now and December, but the bottom

line—for now—is that the city is still heading toward default‖(New

York)

―从现在到十二月份会发生很多变化，但是现在的实质问题是，这个城市还是不

准备参赛‖(纽约)

Just for laughs (laugh: amusing incident or person)

If you do something for a laugh or for laughs, you do it as a joke or for

fun.

To laugh up one‘s sleeve: be secretly amused (at sb.) 暗笑；窃喜

To rejoice or exult in secret, as at another''s error or defeat.幸灾乐祸：

偷偷地欣喜或高兴，如对他人的错误或失败

(have/get) The last laugh笑在最后; 取得最后胜利

A BLACK SHEEP败家子, 败类, 害群之马

If you describe someone as the black sheep of their family or of a

group that they are a member of, you mean that they are considered

bad or worthless by other people in that family or group.

A dark horse

If you describe someone as a dark horse, you mean that people know

very little about them, although they may have recently had success

or may be about to have success.

Until recently A. S. Byatt was a dark horse, known only by those

steeped in literature.

A white lie

If you refer to an untrue statement as a white lie, you mean that it is

made to avoid hurting someone''s feelings or to avoid trouble, and not

for an evil purpose.

……

VI Dictation (write a synonym and an antonym):

Dismay; toddle; imprison; maintain; singularity; expire; scrupulous;

indigent; epitomize

Write three specific words for ‗say‘:

VII Vocabulary: Generic and Specific words

Say: speak; tell; declare; pronounce; express; state; argue; affirm;

blurt; drawl; stammer; splatter; sputter; orate; etc.

See: behold; look at; glimpse; glance at; view; survey; contemplate;

perceive; notice; observe; discern; distinguish; remark; comprehend;

understand; etc.

Beverage: liquor; wine; beer; tea; coffee; milk; drink; soft drink; etc.

Excitement: agitation; perturbation; commotion; disturbance;

tension; bustle; stir; flutter; sensation; etc.

Delight: joy; gladness; satisfaction; charm; rapture; ecstasy;

gratification; etc.

Skillful: apt; ingenious; handy; ready; quick; smart; expert; gifted;

talented; dexterous; clever; etc.

VIII Some problems to consider

Organization and Development of Text 1

the double function of the correct choice of words

semantic differences between words having the same root

wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their