2024年6月16日发(作者：)

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词汇期末复习（C1-C7）

Chapter 1

一、Word 词的定义

(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）

(2) a sound unity

(3) a semantic unity（meaning）

(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）

二、Vocabulary词汇的定义

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.

一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义

The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional.

二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的

四、Sound & Form发音和形式

(1) The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的） record of the oral form.

自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

(2) The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：

① English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马

② the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速

③ Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同

④ More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of

spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。

⑤ borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外

来词

五、Classification of Words词的分类

(1) Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary

① Basic Words

The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：

➢ 1. All national character 全民性 (indispensable to all the people who speak the language).

➢ 2. Stability 稳定性 （relatively stable or unchanged）

➢ 3. Productivity 多产性 （form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )

➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性

➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性

② Non-basic Words

Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.

非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。

(2) Content Words & Functional Words

① Content Words/Full words/National words：

They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义

② Functional words/Empty words/Form words：

They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系

(3) Native Words & Borrowed Words

① Native Words：

Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.

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② Borrowed Words：

loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includes

Denizens 同化词Aliens非同化词Translation loans 译借词Semantic loans 借义词

Chapter 2

一、The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系

(1) The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and

India.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。

(2) The classification of Indo-European language family :

① The Eastern Set

② The Western Set（Germanic）

二、Three phases of the Vocabulary Development词汇发展三阶段

(1) Old English(450-1150)

特点：

➢ It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小

➢ It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.

拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少

➢ It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整词尾

(2) Middle English(1150-1500)

特点：

➢ It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大

➢ It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发

育和拉丁词汇

➢ Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平

(3) Modern English(1500 up to the present)

特点：

➢ it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇

➢ It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词

➢ It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失

三、General Characteristic一般特征

(1) Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性

(2) Simplicity of inflection简洁性、屈折性

(3) Relatively fixed word-order相对固定的语序

四、Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分

(1) 主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语

(2) 次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语

五、Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary当代英语词汇的发展

Modes of Vocabulary Development发展方式：

➢ Creation 创词 Semantic change 旧词新义 Borrowing 借词

Chapter 3

一、 Morphemes词素

(1) 词素的定义：

It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。

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