2024年4月24日发(作者：)

internet of things

3.物联网

In 2005, the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) entered the limelight. The

IoT should be designed to connect the world’s objects in a sensory manner. The

approach is to tag things through radiofrequency identification (RFID), feel things

through sensors and wireless networks, and think things by building embedded

systems that interact with human activities.

在2005，物联网概念进入了聚光灯下。物联网应该被设计用来连接世界的物体以感

觉的方式。该方法是通过射频识别（射频识别）的东西，感受到的东西，通过传感器和无

线网络，并认为事情通过构建嵌入式系统与人类活动的互动。

Ⅰ. ubiquitous computing

Ⅰ. 无处不在的计算

Ubiquitous computing is a post-desktop model of human-computer

interaction in which information processing is integrated into everyday objects

and activities. For daily activities, people may engage in using many pervasive

devices simultaneously. They may not even be aware of the existence of the

interactive devices. Although the idea is simple, its application is difficult. If all

objects in the world were equipped with minusculeidentifying devices, daily life on

our planet could undergo a major transformation.

普适计算是一种将信息处理集成到日常的对象和活动中的人机交互的桌面模型。对于

日常活动，人们可以同时使用许多普适的设备。他们甚至可能不知道互动设备的存在。虽

然想法很简单，但它的应用很难。如果世界上所有的物体都配备了minusculeidentifying

设备，日常生活在我们的行星可能经历一个重大转变。

The IoT cannot be realized without systems design and engineering, and user

interfaces. Contemporary human-computer interaction models, whether

command-line, menu-driven, or GUI-based, are inappropriate and inadequate to

meet ubiquitous computing demands. The natural IoT paradigm appropriate to a

ubiquitous computing world has yet to emerge. Contemporary devices that lend

support to ubiquitous computing include smartphones, tablet computers, sensor

networks, RFID tags, smart cards, GPS devices, and others.

没有系统的设计和工程，以及用户界面，物联网是无法实现的。现代人机交互模型，

无论是命令行、菜单驱动还是基于图形界面的，都是不恰当的，不足以满足普适计算的需

求。一个无处不在的计算世界的自然物联网模式尚未出现。现代的设备，支持无处不在的

计算，包括智能手机，平板电脑，传感器网络，无线射频识别标签，智能卡，全球定位系

统设备，和其他。

In ubiquitous computing, the IoTprovides a network of sensor-or

radio-connected devices that can be uniquely identified and located in the

cyber-physical space. This IoTis mostly wirelessly connected as a self-configuring

network of radio-frequency tags, low-cost sensors, or e-labels. The term “IoT”

combines RFID technology with today’s IPv6-based Internet technology. All things

(objects) have IP addresses, which can be uniquely identified. The IP-identifiable

objects are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable, and /or controllable via

the Internet, aided by RFID, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, mobile networks, and GPS.

in the iotprovides ubiquitous Computing，无线传感器网络连通或of uniquely

Devices and that can be located in the identified网络物理空间。这是你iotis

wirelessly连通网络自配置无线电频率标签，低成本的传感器，或电子标签。术语“动”

的方式与今天的RFID技术的基于IPv6的网络技术。All Things have（对象）的IP地址，

which can be identified uniquely。the objects are转换为IP寻址locatable

recognizable，，，，和/或通过辅助controllable by the Internet，RFID，ZigBee、Wi-Fi、

GPS和移动网络。

Ⅱ. Enabling and Synergistic Technologies

Ⅱ。启用和协同技术

Many technologies can be applied to build the IoT infrastructure and specific

IoT systems for special application domains. Supportive technologies are divided

into two categories. Enabling technologies build up the foundations of the IoT.

Among the enabling technologies, tracking (RFID), sensor networks, and GPS are

critical.

许多技术可以应用于构建物联网基础设施和特定的物联网系统的特殊应用领域。支持

技术分为2类。有利的技术建立了物联网的基础。在有利的技术，跟踪（射频识别），传感

器网络，和全球定位系统是至关重要的。

RFID is applied with electronic labels or RFID tags on any objects being

monitored or tracked. The tags may be applied to any objects, such as

merchandise, tools, smartphones, computers, animals, or people. The purpose is

to identify and track the objects using radio waves or sensing signals. Some tags

can be read from tens or hundreds of meters away via a wireless reader. Most RFID

tags contain at least two major parts. Oneis an integrated circuit for storing and

processing information, modulatingand demodulating a radio-frequency (RF)

signal, and other special functions. The other part is an antenna for receiving and

transmitting the radio signals.

在任何被监视或跟踪的物体上应用电子标签或射频识别标签。标签可以应用于任何对

象，如商品、工具、智能手机、计算机、动物或人。目的是利用无线电波或感应信号来识

别和跟踪物体。一些标签可以读取从几十或几百米以外通过无线阅读器。大多数的射频识

别标签包含至少2个主要部分。一个集成电路用于存储和处理信息，调制方式解调射频（RF）

信号，和其他特殊功能。另一部分是接收和发射无线电信号的天线。

Today’s sensor networks are mostly wireless, and are known as wireless sensor

networks (WSNs). A typical WSN consists of spatiallydistributed autonomous

sensors to cooperativelymonitor physical or environmental conditions, such as

temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion, or pollutants. The development

of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as

battlefield surveillance. WSN technology is now used in many industrial and

civilian application areas, including process monitoring and control, machine

health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, health care and home

automation, and intelligent traffic control.

今天的传感器网络大多是无线的，被称为无线传感器网络（无线传感器网络）。一个典

型的无线传感器网络由spatiallydistributed自治传感器cooperativelymonitor物理或环

境条件，如温度、声音、振动、压力、运动、或污染物。无线传感器网络的发展是出于军

事应用，如战场监视。无线传感器网络技术已应用于许多工业和民用领域，包括过程监测

与控制、机器健康监测、环境与生境监测、卫生保健及家庭自动化、智能交通控制等。

The GPS was developed in 1973 by the U.S. Air Force. Similar developments

have also occurred in the European Union, Russia, and China. Since 1994, a

degraded GPS has been made available for civilian applications in providing

reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services. For anyone with a GPS

receiver, the system will provide accurate location and time information for an

unlimited number of users in all weather conditions, day and night, anywhere in

the world.

全球定位系统是由美国空军1973。欧洲联盟、俄罗斯和中国也出现了类似的发展情况。

自1994以来，已经取得了一个退化的全球定位系统提供可靠的定位，导航和定时服务的

民用应用程序。对于任何一个全球定位系统接收器，该系统将提供准确的位置和时间信息，

为一个无限数量的用户在所有的天气条件，白天和黑夜，在世界任何地方。

Synergistic technologies play supporting roles. For example, biometrics could

be widely applied to personalize the interactions among humans, machines, and

objects. Artificial intelligence, computer vision, robotics, and telepresence can

make our lives more automated in the future.

协同技术发挥支持作用。例如，生物识别技术可以广泛应用于个性化的人类，机器和

对象之间的相互作用。人工智能、计算机视觉、机器人、和临场感，可以使我们的生活更

自动化的未来。

The IoT development could become more mature and more sophisticated in

the next 15yeas. Figure 9B-1 shows the major technology advances and key

applications that may benefit from the IoT. For example, supply chains are now

better supported than before. Vertical market applications may represent the next

wave of advances. Ubiquitous positioning is expected to become a reality as we

move toward 2020. Beyond that, a physical IoT may be in place in a global scale.

These advances will significantly upgrade human abilities, societal outcomes,

national productivity, and quality of life.

物联网的发展将更加成熟，在未来15yeas更复杂。图9b-1显示的主要技术进展和关

键的应用程序，可以从联网效益。例如，供应链现在比以前更好的支持。垂直市场的应用

可以代表下一波的进步。无处不在的定位，预计将成为现实，因为我们走向2020。除了这

一，物联网可能在一个全球范围内的地方。这些进步将大大提升人类的能力，社会的结果，

国家的生产力，和生活质量。

Ⅲ. Architecture of the Internet of Things

Ⅲ。物联网的体系结构

The IoT system is likely to have an event-driven architecture. In Figure 9B-2,

IoT development is shown with a three-layer architecture. The top layer is formed

by driven applications. The application space of the IoT is huge. The bottom layers

represent various types of sensing devices: namely RFID tags, ZigBee or other

types of sensors, and road-mapping GPS navigators. The sensing devices are

locally or wide-area-connected in the form of RFID networks, sensor networks, and

GPSes. Signals or information collected at these sensing devices are linked to the

applications through the cloud computing platforms at the middle layer.

物联网系统很可能有一个事件驱动的体系结构。图9b-2，物联网发展有三层结构。顶

层是由驱动应用程序形成的。物联网应用空间巨大。底层代表不同类型的传感装置：即RFID

标签，ZigBee或其它类型的传感器，和道路测绘GPS导航仪。传感设备在本地或广域连

接在RFID网络，形成传感器网络，和gpses。这些传感设备收集的信号或信息通过在中

间层的云计算平台与应用程序连接起来。

The signal processing clouds are built over the mobile networks, the Internet

backbone, and various information networks at the middle layer. In the IoT, the

meaning of a sensing event does not follow a deterministicor syntactic model. In

fact, the service-oriented architecture (SOA) model is adoptable here. A large

number of sensors and filters are used to collect the raw data. Various compute

and storage clouds and grids are used to process the data and transform it into

information and knowledge formats. The sensed information is used to put

together a decision-making system for intelligence applications. The middle layer

is also considered as a Semantic Web or Grid. Some actors (services, components,

avatars) are self-referenced.

信号处理云是建立在移动网络，互联网骨干网，以及在中间层的各种信息网络。在物

联网中，一个敏感事件的意义不遵循deterministicor句法模型。事实上，面向服务的架

构（SOA）这里的模型是可行的。大量的传感器和过滤器用于收集原始数据。各种计算和

存储云和网格是用来处理的数据，并把它转化为信息和知识格式。所感测的信息是用来把

一个决策系统的智能应用。中间层也被认为是一个语义网或网格。有些演员（服务、组件、

化身）是自引用。

Ⅳ. Applications of the Internet of Things

Ⅳ。物联网的应用

Table 9B-2 summarizes IoT applications in three major civilian application

domains. Obviously, the IoT has a lot of military applications, which is beyond the

scope of this section. In general, use of the IoT aims to promote industrial

productivity and raise economic growth. The IoT plays important roles in

environment protection, including pollution control, weather forecasting, and

disaster avoidanceand recovery. In terms of societal impacts, the IoT can make our

lives more convenient and comfortable. Government services, law enforcement,

and home and health improvements are the major beneficiaries. In the remaining

space of this section, we will briefly discuss some of the application domains.

表9b-2总结了物联网应用的三大民用领域。显然，物联网有大量的军事应用，这超

出了本节的范围。在一般情况下，使用物联网的目的是促进工业生产和提高经济增长。物

联网在环境保护中起着重要的作用，包括污染控制、气象预报、灾障和恢复。在社会的影

响，物联网可以使我们的生活更方便和舒适。政府服务，执法，家庭和健康的改善是主要

的受益者。在本节的其余部分中，我们将简要讨论一些应用领域。

1. Retailingand Logistics Services

1。retailingand物流服务

Emergence of RFID applications depends strongly on adoption by retailers,

logistics organizations, and package-delivery companies. In particular, retailers

may tag individual objects in order to solve a number of problems at once:

accurate inventorying, loss control, and ability to support unattendedwalk –

through point of sale terminals (which promise to speed checkoutwhile reducing

both shoplifting and labor costs). Cold-chainauditing and assurancecould require

tagging food and medicine with temperature-sensitive materials and/or

electronics; ensuring or monitoring whether perishable materials areintact and/or

need attention may entail communications among things, refrigeration systems,

automated data logging systems, and human technicians.

射频识别应用的出现很大程度上依赖于零售商，物流组织和包装交付公司的采用。特

别是，零售商可以标记个体为了立刻解决很多问题：准确的盘点，损失控制，并有能力通

过销售点终端支持unattendedwalk–（保证速度checkoutwhile减少盗窃和劳动力成本）。

冷chainauditing和assurancecould需要温度敏感材料和/或电子标签的食品和药品；保

证或监测是否areintact易腐材料和/或需要关注可能带来通信之间的事情，制冷系统，自

动数据记录系统，与人类的技术人员。

2. Supply Chain Management

2。供应链管理

Supply chain management is a process used by companies to ensure that their

supply chain is efficient and cost-effective. Supply chain management can be

aided by an IoT system. The idea is to manage a whole network of related

businesses or partners involved in product manufacturing, delivery, and services as

required by end customers. At any given time, market forces could demand

changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations and customers, and any

number of specialized participantsin a supply variability has significant

effects on the supply chain infrastructure, ranging from the foundation layers of

establishing the electronic communication between the trading partners to the

more complex configuration of the processes and the arrangement of workflows

that are essential to a fast production process.

供应链管理是一个由企业使用的过程，以确保他们的供应链是有效的和具有成本效益

的。供应链管理可以借助物联网系统。其理念是管理整个网络的相关业务或合作伙伴参与

产品制造，交付和服务所需的终端客户。在任何给定的时间内，市场需求变化从供应商、

物流商、地点和客户，和任何数量的专门指供应链。这种变化对供应链基础设施的重大影

响，从建立贸易伙伴之间的电子通信过程的更复杂的配置和工作流程，是一个快速生产过

程中必不可少的安排的基础层。

3. Smart Power Grid and Smart Buildings

3。智能电网和智能建筑

A critical IoT application is promotion of a smart power grid. Various power

companies across the United States have or are in the process of upgrading their

power management and distribution systems. Various sensors at individual homes

(smart thermostats) can collect information that is sent via a network to main

stations (perhaps even local “hubs”) that can apply complex power Management

and sent control signals back to the grid to save energy. The smart grid is made

possible by applying sensing, measurement, and control devices to electricity

production, transmission, distribution, and consumption.

一个关键的物联网应用程序是一个智能电网的推广。美国各电力公司已经或正在升级

其电源管理和配电系统的过程中。在个人家庭中各种传感器（智能温控器）可以收集，通

过网络发送信息的主要站（也许甚至是当地的“枢纽”），可以将复杂的电源管理和发送控

制信号到网格节省能源。智能电网是通过应用传感，测量和控制设备，电力生产，传输，

分配和消费成为可能。

The IoT has been suggested in construction of smart buildings in residential,

commercial, industrial, and government settings. A smart building can be a

shopping mall or a home, a hospital or a high-rise office tower. Smart buildings

need monitoring and regulation of heating, air conditioning, lighting, and

environmental changes. They can oversee building security, fire suppression, and

elevator operations. Smart building technologies focus on bringing more detailed

monitoring and sensing “awareness” to buildings.

在住宅，商业，工业和政府设置的智能建筑，物联网已经提出了建议。一个聪明的建

筑物可以是一个购物中心或一个家庭，一个医院或一个高层办公大楼。智能楼宇需要对供

暖、空调、照明和环境变化进行监控和调节。他们可以监督建筑安全，防火和电梯运行。

智能建筑技术的重点是将更详细的监测和传感“意识”到建筑物。