2024年4月16日发(作者：)

1. P15

Each journal has its own set of instructions for referees and sometimes these are available

on the journal’s website. You should check and see whether this is the case for the journal you

are targeting, and obtain a copy if possible. For the purposes of this book, we have constructed a

composite list of referee criteria that includes the sorts of questions referees are commonly asked

to respond to (Figure 3.1). In addition to ‘‘ticking the boxes’’ to provide yes/no answers to the

questions, referees are asked to write their comments about any problems with the manuscript

or any suggestions for improvement that need to be followed before the manuscript can be

considered suitable for publication in the journal. Increasingly, as the number of manuscripts

submitted to journals has grown, referees are asked to give some numerical rating of the paper’s

novelty or quality as well (e.g. Does this manuscript fall within the top 20% of manuscripts you

have read in the last 12 months?). Referees return their comments to the editor.

每一种学术期刊都有自己的一套评审规则，有时能在期刊网站上找到。你应该查看你的

目标期刊是否也如此，并尽可能得到一份。为了实现本书的目的，我们总结了一个评审标准

表，此表包括了评委们通常要回答的各种问题。评委们除了要在方框中打钩来对这些问题进

行“是”或“否”的回答，还要对稿件的问题写出评论以及进一步改进的建议，以使稿件适

合在期刊发表。由于学术期刊的收到的投稿数量不断增加，评审们还要对论文的新颖性和质

量进行评分。 评审们把他们的意见反馈给编辑。

2. P23

Data presentation styles vary with discipline and personal preference and change over time,

and there is a large amount of contradictory published advice about what to do, and what looks

good. Our aim in this section is not to provide a concrete set of rules for data presentation but

rather to help you optimize the presentation of your data to support the story of your article. One

over-arching guideline is that tables and figures should ‘‘stand alone’’: that is, the reader

should not need to consult the text of the article to understand the data presented in the table or

figure; all necessary information should appear in the table/figure, in the title/legend, or in keys

or footnotes.

The first reference for style of data presentation is the Instructions to Contributors

(sometimes called Instructions to Authors or Author Guidelines, or other similar names) of the

journal you intend to submit the article to. Not all Instructions to Contributors provide great

detail about data presentation, but they will generally guide you in formatting and preferred style.

The next best source of information on data presentation style is articles in recent issues of the

journal. You can maximize your chances of meeting the journal’s requirements by analysing the

types of data presented, the choice of figures or tables, the choice of figure type, and the amount

of data presented in the text and in the titles and legends. Use the results of your analyses to

inform your decisions on the data presentation for your own manuscript.

数据呈现方式会因为学科和个人偏好发生变化，也会随着时间发生变化。在究竟该做些

什么，哪种方式看起来更好的问题上，大量的出版物提供的建议也会出现一些矛盾。我们本

章的目的不在于提供一套数据呈现的固定规则，而是帮助大家优化数据呈现方式，以支撑论

文的主旨。一条首要的规则是，图表应该“独立呈现”：也就是说，读者应该无需通过查阅

文字部份即可理解图表中的数据，所有必要的信息都应该包含在图表、标题、图例或脚注中。

数据的呈现方式应首先参考你打算投稿的期刊的“投稿须知”（有的时候也叫作者须知

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等类似的名称）。不是所有的投稿须知都会提供数据呈现方式的详细规定，但一定会就格式

和优选的方式提出一般性的建议。另一个数据呈现方式的参考来自该期刊最近几期上的论

文。为了尽可能满足该期刊的要求，你可以分析一下这些论文的数据呈现方式、对图或表的

选择、对不同类型图示的选择以及在正文部分、标题、和图例中所出现的数据的多少，利用

你的分析结果来指导自己决定论文中的数据呈现方式。

3. P35

Traditionally, students are taught that the Methods section provides the information needed

for another competent scientist to repeat the work. In your experience of reading papers, is this

what you find? Many participants in work- shops we have conducted report that they have had

problems in replicating what authors have done in their published studies even after reading the

Methods section thoroughly.

Another way to think about the goal of the Methods section is that it establishes credibility

for the results and should therefore provide enough information about how the work was done

for readers to evaluate the results; i.e. to decide for themselves whether the results actually

mean what the author claims they mean. Referees are likely to look in this section for evidence to

answer the question: Do the methods and the treatment of results conform to acceptable

scientific standards?

传统上，老师们总是告诉学生，方法部分为另一个有能力的科学家重复这一研究提供了

所需的信息。从你阅读论文的经验来看，情况真的是这样吗？很多参与过我们组织的研习班

的人说，哪怕已经仔细研读过已发表的论文的方法部分，他们在重复作者的研究时还是遇到

了问题。

对方法部分的写作目的的另一种认识是，方法部分为研究结果确定了可信度，因此应当

提供足够的有关研究方式的信息，以使读者能对研究结果做出评估，也就是说，读者能够据

此判断，该研究结果是否与作者所声称的一致。审稿人则往往会在这一部分寻找证据，来判

断研究方法和对结果的处理是否符合现行的科研标准。

4. P48

Another important reason to pay careful attention to referencing is to avoid plagiarizing

other people’s work unintentionally. Plagiarism is using data, ideas, or words that originated in

work by another person without appropriately acknowledging their source. It is generally

regarded as a form of cheating in academic and publishing contexts, and papers will be rejected if

plagiarism is detected. Incomplete citation also prevents your gaining credit for knowing the work

of other researchers in the field. Effective and inclusive citation helps you present yourself as a

knowledgeable member of the research community, which can be important in terms of the

impression you make on referees evaluating your manuscripts. It also allows others to benefit

from the sources of information you have used.

对文献引用标注要尤为注意的另一个重要原因是避免非故意地剽窃。剽窃是在没有以适

当方式说明来源的情况下，使用原创于其他人作品的数据，观点或文字。在学术界和出版界，

这种做法通常被认为是一种作弊行为，如果被发现有剽窃行为，论文将被拒稿。不完整的引

用也会使人怀疑你是否了解本领域其他研究人员的工作。有效而广泛的引用能帮助你在研究

领域建立博学多识的形象，这对于你给你的论文评审人留下的印象是相当重要的。同时这也

使得其他人能从你所使用的信息来源中受益。

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