2024年4月11日发(作者：)

伊瓦斯的福利多元主义四分法

英文回答：

Ivas' welfare pluralism quadrants are a framework that

categorizes different approaches to welfare policies. The

four quadrants are based on two dimensions: the level of

government intervention and the level of market

participation. Each quadrant represents a different

approach to welfare.

The first quadrant, which Ivas calls the "residual"

approach, emphasizes limited government intervention and

high market participation. In this approach, the

government's role is minimal, and individuals are expected

to rely on the market to meet their welfare needs. This

approach is often associated with conservative ideologies

and emphasizes personal responsibility and self-reliance.

For example, in a residual welfare system, individuals

would be expected to save for their own retirement and

purchase private health insurance.

The second quadrant, known as the "institutional"

approach, combines high government intervention with high

market participation. In this approach, the government

plays a significant role in providing welfare services, but

individuals are still expected to participate in the market.

This approach is often associated with social democratic

ideologies and aims to provide a comprehensive safety net

for all citizens. For example, in an institutional welfare

system, the government may provide universal healthcare and

education while still allowing individuals to choose

private providers if they wish.

The third quadrant, called the "corporatist" approach,

emphasizes high government intervention and low market

participation. In this approach, the government takes the

primary responsibility for providing welfare services, and

individuals have little choice or control over the services

they receive. This approach is often associated with

socialist ideologies and aims to ensure equal access to

welfare services for all citizens. For example, in a

corporatist welfare system, the government may directly

provide housing and employment services without relying on

the market.

The fourth quadrant, known as the "pluralist" approach,

combines low government intervention with low market

participation. In this approach, welfare services are

provided by a mix of government, market, and non-profit

organizations. Individuals have a range of options to

choose from and can tailor their welfare services to their

specific needs. This approach is often associated with

liberal ideologies and emphasizes individual choice and

competition. For example, in a pluralist welfare system,

individuals may receive vouchers to purchase services from

a variety of providers, including private companies and

non-profit organizations.

In conclusion, Ivas' welfare pluralism quadrants

provide a useful framework for understanding different

approaches to welfare policies. Each quadrant represents a

different balance between government intervention and

market participation, and each approach has its own

strengths and weaknesses. By considering these quadrants,

policymakers can develop welfare systems that best meet the

needs of their citizens.

中文回答：

伊瓦斯的福利多元主义四分法是一个将不同福利政策的方法进

行分类的框架。这四个象限是基于两个维度，政府干预水平和市场

参与水平。每个象限代表了不同的福利方法。

第一个象限被伊瓦斯称为“剩余”方法，强调有限的政府干预

和高度的市场参与。在这种方法中，政府的角色是最小的，个人被

期望依靠市场来满足他们的福利需求。这种方法通常与保守主义意

识形态相关，并强调个人责任和自力更生。例如，在剩余福利制度

中，个人被期望为自己的退休储蓄并购买私人医疗保险。

第二个象限被称为“制度”方法，将高度的政府干预与高度的

市场参与相结合。在这种方法中，政府在提供福利服务方面发挥重

要作用，但个人仍然被期望参与市场。这种方法通常与社会民主主

义意识形态相关，并旨在为所有公民提供全面的安全网。例如，在

制度福利制度中，政府可能提供普遍的医疗保健和教育，同时允许

个人选择私人提供者。

第三个象限被称为“公司主义”方法，强调高度的政府干预和

低度的市场参与。在这种方法中，政府承担主要责任提供福利服务，

个人对他们所接受的服务几乎没有选择或控制权。这种方法通常与

社会主义意识形态相关，并旨在确保所有公民平等获得福利服务。

例如，在公司主义福利制度中，政府可能直接提供住房和就业服务，

而不依赖市场。

第四个象限被称为“多元主义”方法，将低度的政府干预与低

度的市场参与相结合。在这种方法中，福利服务由政府、市场和非

营利组织共同提供。个人有多种选择，并且可以根据自己的特定需

求定制福利服务。这种方法通常与自由主义意识形态相关，并强调

个人选择和竞争。例如，在多元主义福利制度中，个人可以获得购

买服务的代金券，包括私营公司和非营利组织。

总之，伊瓦斯的福利多元主义四分法为理解不同福利政策方法

提供了一个有用的框架。每个象限代表了政府干预和市场参与之间

的不同平衡，每种方法都有其优点和缺点。通过考虑这些象限，政

策制定者可以制定最符合其公民需求的福利制度。