2024年4月2日发(作者：)

英语

单词的形态变化同步

知识定位

上海中考根据所给单词填空，是个常规考题，属于非选择题类主观题，主要考察名词

单复数，

基数词，序数词转换，各种词性的变化。分值不大，难度也不大，学生勤奋练习，基

本都能

掌握其规律。

知识梳理

(一) 总体原则：

1. 关于双写：任何双写单词都有一个共同规律：

所谓 “以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节”指的是：必须是一个单音节词（单音节全

部重

读），最后两个字母必须是一个元音字母加一个辅音字母，而且不可以合起来发音，

如 few,

new, show, row 不双写因为 ow 合起来发音，follow, visit 不双写因其两个音节，

重读第一音

节。Begin 双写因其重读第二音节，例 run—running, win—winner, sun—sunny,

drop—dropped,

hot-hotter--hottest

2. 关于变 y 为 i：任何变 y 为 i 加后缀的也有一个共同的要求------以辅音字母加

y 结尾。

例 ： busy-business beauty-beautiful city-cities early-earlier

history-historical lucky—luckily

mystery—mysterious study—studies twenty--twentieth

关于去 e：如果所加词缀是以元音字母开头，则去 e，

例：

以 a 开头 nature—natural believe--believable

以 e 开头 nice--nicer write—writer use--used

以 i/y 开头（y 是半元音） noise—noisy live—living

create—creative—creativity

educate—education

以 o 开头 fame—famous translate—translator

以 u 开头 please—pleasure

如果所加词缀不以元音字母开头，则不去 e，例

love--lovely move—movement peace--peaceful home—homeless

特殊 nine--ninth true--truth

关于变 f 为 v 加 es，其实 ve 也可以变成 f：

twelve—twelfth myself—ourselves knife—knives believe—belief

(二)名词变复数规则：

1）直接加 s ;

2）加 es（以 s ,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的单词）;

3）变 y 为 i 加 es（辅音字母+y）;

4）变 f/fe 为 ves;

5）不规则变化;

man—men 男人 woman—women 女人 child—children 孩子 tooth—teeth

牙齿

foot—feet 脚 mouse—mice 老鼠

(三)动词变第三人称单数规则：

1）直接加 s（have—has）;

2）加 es（以 s ,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的单词）;

3）变 y 为 i 加 es（辅音字母+y）;

4）不规则变化 have--has; be—am is are;

(四)动词变现在分词规则：

1）直接加 ing;

2）去 e 加 ing（以 e 结尾的单词），但 lie-lying 躺 die-dying 死亡 tie-tying 系

see-seeing

看见 be-being 除外;

3）双写加 ing（以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节）

注意：双写加 ing 的动词（25 个）

get 得到 set 安排 let 让 sit 坐 hit 撞 fit 适合 dig 挖 win 赢 kid 开玩笑 run

跑 cut 切 put 放 hug

拥抱 chat 聊天 plan 计划 shop 购物 drop 扔 chop 砍 stop 停 shut 关

swim 游泳 begin 开始

forget 忘记 prefer 更喜欢 regret 遗憾

(五) 基数词变序数词规则：

1）直接加 th;

2）去 e 加 th（nine--ninth）;

3）变 y 为 i 加 eth（辅音字母+y，整十单词都带 ty）;

4）变 ve 为 f 加 th（如 five—fifth, twelve—teelfth）;

附：first second third

(六) 代词变反身代词：

1）单数加 self，复数加 selves（变 f 为 v 加 es），

2）第一二人称在形容词物主代词的基础上加 selfselves，第三人称在人称代词的宾

格的基础

上加 selfselves

(七) 形容词变比较级、最高级规则：

1）直接加 er/est;

2）去 e 加 er/est（以 e 结尾的单词）

3）变 y 为 i 加 ed（辅音字母+y）;

4）双写加（以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节）

注意：双写加 er/est 的单词有：red big hot wet thin fat sa

d

5） 不规则变化

好 good/well--更好 better--最好--best

坏 bad/badly--更坏 worse--最坏 worst

许多 many/much--更多 more--最多 most

一点 little--较少 less--最少 least

远 far--较远 farther/further （意义深远）--最远 farthest/furthes

t

老的，旧的 old--较老的，较旧的 older/elder（大哥）--最老的，最旧的 oldest/eldest

(八) 动词变过去式规则：

1）直接加 ed

2）去 e 加 ed（以 e 结尾的单词）

3）变 y 为 i 加 ed（辅音字母+y）;

4）双写加 ed（以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节）

注意：双写加 ed 的动词：

hug拥抱 nod点头 chat聊天 shop购物 drop丢弃 chop砍 stop停 plan 计划

prefer更喜欢 regret

遗憾

(九) 词性的转变

1.动词(v.)→名词(n.)

(a)词形不变,词性改变

例如:work, study, water, plant 等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名

词(工作,

学习,水,植物).

(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er 或-or 之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词

例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer,

jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner,

visit—visitor, invent—inventor,collect—collector 等.

注意:1)以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.

例如:drive—driver, write—writer 等.

2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er

例如：run—runner, win—winner,begin—beginner 等.

(c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词

例如:achieve—achievement (成就) advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告

)

agree—agreement disgree—disagreement

amuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵)

commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展)

depart—department (局,部) govern(统治)—government(政府)

manage—management (管理) equip—equipment (装备)

有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的 e 去掉再加 ment. 例如:argue—argument(争论)

(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion 变成名词

例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction; invent—invention

discuss—discussion; express—expression

educate—education; graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去 e 再加

"ion")

compete—competition; organize—organization (把 e 改成其他字母再加"tion")

decide—decision; conclude—conclusion (把 de 改为 s 再加"ion")

describe—description 描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化)

(e)在动词词尾加上-ance 变成名词

例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现)

perform—performance (演出)

accept—acceptance (接受)

(f)在动词词尾加-ing 变成名词 (方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)

例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waiting

bathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaning

end—ending train —training wash—washing

注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加

-in

g

如:swim—swimming shop—shopping begin—beginning

(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化

例如: Beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)—behavior

know(知道)—knowledge(知识) fly—flight (飞行)

heat (加热)—heat(热量) hit (撞击)—hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞)

mix (混合)—mixture(混合物) press(按,压)—pressure(压力)

sit(坐)—seat (座位) succeed—success(成功)

tour—tour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)

2.动词(v.)→形容词(adj.)

(a)动词后面加 able,以 e 结尾的动词则去 e 加 able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性.

例如: afford－affordable; love－lovable

(b)动词后面加 ed,以 e 结尾的动词则直接加 d,表示被动性的属性或特点.

例如: scatter－scattered; use－used

(c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b).

3.名词(n.)→形容词(adj.)

(a)在名词后面加-y 可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)

例如: rain—rainy, cloud—cloudy, wind—windy, snow—snowy,

health—healthy, luck—lucky,anger—angry guilt—guilty(内疚的)

tourist—touristy(游客多的) , salt (盐)—salty (咸的)

silk(丝绸)—silky(丝绸般的), sleep—sleepy (昏昏欲睡的)

注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加

"-y".

如: sun—sunny, fun—funny, fog—foggy(有雾的), fur—furry(毛皮的)

2)少数以不发音的 e 结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉 e 再加"-y".

如: noise—noisy, ice—icy, shine—shiny(发亮的), taste(口味)—tasty(甜的)

(b)名词后面加-ed,以 e 结尾的直接加 d.

例如: spot(斑点)—spotted(有斑点的); talent—talented (有天赋的

)

organize—organized 有组织的; balance—balanced(平衡的)

(c)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful 可以变为形容词

例如:care—careful, thank—thankful, help—helpful,

use—useful, meaning—meaningful

(d)在名词后加-less 构成含有否定意义的形容词

例如:care—careless(粗心的), use—useless(无用的)

hope—hopeless(没希望的)，home—homeless(无家可归的)

(e)一些以-ce 结尾的名词,把-ce 改为-t 变成形容词

例如: difference—different, silence—silent, confidence—confident

(f).在名词后加-ly 变为形容词

例如: friend—friendly, love—lovely, live---lively

(g).在名词后加-ous 变为形容词

例如: danger—dangerous

(h)名词后面加-al 变为形容词

例如: music—musical; medicine—medical (这个比较特殊)

(i)名词后面加-able 变为形容词,如果以 e 结尾就去 e 再加"-able".

例如: adjust—adjustable 可调整的

value—valuable 有价值的

(j)名词后面加-en 变成形容词

例如: wood—wooden 木制的 wool—woolen 羊毛的

(k)一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish 或-n 构成表示国籍,语言的形容词

例如:China—Chinese, Japan—Japanese, England—English,

America—American, India—Indian, Australia —Australian (注意

Canada—Canadian)

4..形容词(adj.)→副词(adv.)

▲一般在形容词的词尾加-ly 可以变成副词

例如: quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly 等

但是,以下几点值得注意：

(a) 一些以"辅音字母+y"结尾的形容词,要把 y 改为 i 再加-ly

例如: happy—happily, angry—angrily, lucky—luckily, heavy—heavily,

noisy—noisily

(b) 有些以-ble 或-le 结尾的形容词,去掉 e 加-y

例如:possible—possibly, terrible—terribly

(c)少数以 e 结尾的形容词,要去掉 e 再加-ly

例如: true—truly

但绝大多数以 e 结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly 例如: polite—politely, wide—widely

(d)以-l 结尾的形容词变为副词时要在词尾加-ly,以-ll 结尾的才在词尾只加-y.

例如: usual—usually, careful—carefully, useful—usefully full—fully (以-ll 结尾的

才只加 y)

例题精讲

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms

(用括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。 每空格限填一词):

1. He turned off the light and the room was in complete . (dark)

2. My grandfather began to learn English in his (sixty)

3. The girl felt because she couldn’t go swimming with her friends.

(boring)

4. Ben promised to keep the secret for his sister, Kitty. (faithful)

5. Mary tried her best to learn Physics well and she at last. (success)

6. You must judge a person by his not by what he says. (act)

7. We all think Helen is a secretary. (responsibility)

8. Steve Jobs’ made the fans of Apple from all over the world very sad.

(die)

【答案】1. darkness 2. sixties 3. bored 4. faithfully

5. succeeded (s) 7. responsible 8. death

【解析】这里主要考察的是词性的转变：

1. 形容词变名词；-ness 是名词的词缀，类似的还有：lonely 孤独寂寞的

——loneliness 孤

独寂寞（词尾为 y 的先改 y 为 i）；happy 快乐的——happiness 快乐；tired 疲

劳的——

tiredness 疲劳；kind 慈善的，宽容的，善良的——kindness 好意；bitter 苦的

——bitterness

苦味，苦难，怨恨；silly 愚蠢的——silliness 愚蠢

2. In one’s sixties 在某人 60 岁的时候，这是一个固定搭配。以此类推，在某人 20

岁的时

候 in one’s twenties.

3. Boring 无聊的；bored 感到无聊的。-ed 指人感到…；-ing 指事物令人感到…，

比如：

excited 兴奋的；exciting 令人感到兴奋地。

4. 形容词变副词；-ly 是副词的词缀，同样的还有 carefully, wonderfully 等。

5. 名词变动词；succeed 的常见搭配为 succeed in doing sth. 成功做某事。

6. 动词变名词；-ion 是名词的词缀，比如：discuss—discussion；

express—expression。

7. 名词变形容词；-able 为形容词词缀，比如：valuable；reasonable。

8. 动词变名词；die a death 语法上称之为“同源宾语”，即：谓语动词和宾语来自

同一个词

根。die a death 等于 die 常用在书面语中。当然可以在 death 前加上一个形容词。

如：

die a glorious death 光荣地死去。

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】当堂例题

【难度系数】3

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms (用

括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词)：

1. Mr. White lives on the________ floor in that building. (five)

2. Walking in the space is one of the _____ of our time. (wonder)

3. Tom will study still __________ next term. (hard)

4. He is very careless, so he is __________ to be in charge of the experiment. (fit)

5. The plane landed ________ at last after flying in the storm for about one hour.

(safe)

6. Have you ever seen how to _______ a cow? (milk)

7. Not everyone enjoys fast food. Jack is the one who ________ hamburgers.

(like)

8. At the end of every year, some people go back to their ________

homes.(national)

【答案】1. fifth 2. wonders 3. harder 4. unfit 5. safely 6. milk

7. dislikes 8. native

【解析】

1. 基数词变序数词。基数词变序数词的口诀：

一，二，三，特殊记，词尾各是 t , d , d.

th, 四加起，八去 t , 九去 e , y 结尾改 ie.

ve 结尾变 f , five ,twelve 是两兄弟。

若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。

2. 名词单数变复数。Wonder 作可数名词，“奇迹”，比如：

It's a wonder that it took almost ten years.

花了几乎十年时间，真是桩奇事。

3. 副词的比较级。Hard 在这里作副词，直接加-er 即可。

4. 形容词的否定。Un-为形容词的否定前缀，类似的还有：unable, unlikely 等。

5. 形容词变副词。-ly 一般为副词词缀，但有时也可做形容词词缀，如：likely, costly,

deadly。

6. 名词变动词。Milk 不仅可做名词，也可做动词，意为“喂奶”，同样的词还有 labor,

signal。

7. 动词的否定。Dis-为否定前缀，比如：discourage, disappear。

8. 同根词的变形。National 为“国家的；民族的”，native home “原籍”。

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】当堂例题

【难度系数】2

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their suitable forms.

(用括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词。)

1. Ben went on a trip to the mountains last week and took many there. (photo)

2. The man was too tired to walk upstairs to the floor of the building. (five)

3. There is something wrong with my bike, but I can repair it by . (I)

4. The students had a in the English class yesterday. (discuss)

5. The book written by that writer didn't well last year. (sale)

6. Earthquake is one of the disasters on the earth. (nature)

7. The passengers broke into cheers when the plane landed at the airport.

(safe)

8. Computers us to do so many things quickly and conveniently. (able)

【答案】1. photos 2. fifth 3. myself 4. discussion 5. sell

6. natural 7. safely 8. enable

【解析】

1.单数变复数。

1）直接加 s ;

2）加 es（以 s ,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的单词）;

3）变 y 为 i 加 es（辅音字母+y）;

4）变 f/fe 为 ves;

5）不规则变化;

man—men 男人 woman—women 女人 child—children 孩子 tooth—teeth

牙齿

foot—feet 脚 mouse—mice 老鼠

2．基数词变序数词。基数词变序数词的口诀：

一，二，三，特殊记，词尾各是 t , d , d.

th, 四加起，八去 t , 九去 e , y 结尾改 ie.

ve 结尾变 f , five ,twelve 是两兄弟

。

若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。

3. 主格代词变反身代词。

1）单数加 self，复数加 selves（变 f 为 v 加 es），

2）第一二人称在形容词物主代词的基础上加 selfselves，第三人称在人称代词的宾

格的基础

上加 selfselves。

4. 动词变名词。-ion 为名词词缀，如：operation, impression.

5. 名词变动词。卖得好 sell well.

6. 名词变形容词。Nature-natural，以-al 结尾的形容词还有：actual, general。

7. 形容词变副词。-ly 一般为副词词缀，但有时也可做形容词词缀，如：likely, costly,

deadly。

8. 形容词变动词。En-为动词前缀，比如：enrich, enable.

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】当堂练习题

【难度系数】3

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms (用

括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词)：

1. Two bank _________were reported in this area last month. (robbery)

2. China has become the ________country to build a space station. (five)

3. _______is the most important thing for a people. (honest)

4. If you want to ________things better, you’d better have a healthier diet.

(memory)

5. Some ________people have traditional turkeys for Christmas dinner. (west)

6. President hujingtao made a ________on TV last Wednesday to welcome the

new year. (speak)

7. Some kinds of computers are so tiny that people may be ________of them.

(aware)

8. Many people like to keep pet dogs because dogs will love people ________for

many years.

(faithful)

【答案】1. robberies 2. fifth 3. Honesty 4. memorize

5. western 6. speech 7. unaware 8. faithfully

【解析】

1. 单数变复数。1）直接加 s ;

2）加 es（以 s ,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的单词）;

3）变 y 为 i 加 es（辅音字母+y）;

4）变 f/fe 为 ves;

5）不规则变化;

2. 基数词变序数词。基数词变序数词的口诀：

一，二，三，特殊记，词尾各是 t , d , d.

th, 四加起，八去 t , 九去 e , y 结尾改 ie.

ve 结尾变 f , five ,twelve 是两兄弟

。

若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。

3. 形容词变名词。-ty 为名词后缀，比如：equality, safety.

4. 名词变动词。-ize 为动词后缀，比如：socialize, revolutionize.

5．名词变形容词。West-western, 同样地，east-eastern, north-northern,

south-southern.

6. 动词变名词。Speak-speech.

7. 形容词的否定。Un-是否定前缀，比如：unlikely, unhappy.

8. 形容词变副词。-ly 是副词词缀。A faithful friend 一个忠诚的朋友。

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】当堂练习题

【难度系数】3

习题演练

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their suitable forms.

(用括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词。)

1. My father has worked as an _________ in the factory for several years.

(engine)

2. The story tells us that the strange animal is the ________ son of the

dragon(龙). (nine)

3. Do you know who will make a________ on the history of the USA this

afternoon? (speak)

4. The newly-built bridge will ________ the citizens to cross the river more

conveniently.(able)

5. The kids were excited when they saw so many ________ cartoons in the

amusement park.

(attract)

6. The 70-year-old man was _________ ill and died a few months later. (serious)

7. Though they are really great, they have never thought of themselves as

_________. (hero)

8. It is reported that the small island country may ________ in the years to come.

(appear)

【答案】1. engineer 2. ninth 3. speech 4. enable

5. attractive 6. seriously 7. heroes 8. disappear

【解析】1. engine-engineer

2. nine-ninth

3. speak-speech

4. able-enable

5. attract-attractive

6. serious-seriously

7. hero-heroes

8. appear-disappear

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】随便练练

【难度系数】2

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their suitable forms

(用括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词)

1. China will be the ________nation to build a space station in outer

space.(three)

2. Be________ while getting off the train. The ground is wet. (carefully)

3. On the top of the _______ you can have a bird's eyes view of the whole

city.(build)

4. The guests were told to introduce ________ before the opening ceremony.

(they)

5. The students in that school are _________ from Asian countries like

Japan.(main)

6. We human beings are closely related to the ________ world in some

way.(nature)

7. The police will try to find out the ________ of the traffic accident.(true)

8. Mr. Ren, a Chinese________, began to study global climate change more than

a decade

ago.(science)

【答案】1. third 2. careful 3. building 4. themselves

5. mainly 6. natural 7. truth 8. scientist

【解析】1. three-third

2. carefully-careful

3. build-building

4. they-themselves

5. main-mainly

6. nature-natural

7. true-truth

8. science-scientist

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】随便练练

【难度系数】3

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their suitable forms

(用括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词)：

1. His hobby is to collect from different countries. (coin) .

2. It's clear that your drawing is much better than . (I)

3. The 2010 World Expo in shanghai was the World Expo in history. (forty-one)

4. Among the boys, Tom is the to learn new things. (quick)

5. Steve Jobs was in computers when he was very young. (interesting)

6. The kite flew higher and higher and soon in the sky. (appear)

7. Can you know what he wanted from his face? (exact)

8. With the rapid population , many primary schools will be built in our city.

(grow)

【答案】1. coins 2. mine 3. forty-first 4. quickest

5. interested 6. disappeared 7. exactly 8. growth

【解析】1. coin-coins

2. I-mine

3. forty-one-forty-first

4. quick-quickest

5. interested-interesting

6. appear-disappear

7. exact-exactly

8. grow-growth

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】课后两周练习

【难度系数】2

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentences with the given words in their suitable forms

(用括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子。每空格限填一词)：

1. I don’t know why a successful person often has many . (enemy)

2. May I use your laptop? I left at home this morning. (my)

3. They are children because they don’t have enough to eat. (healthy)

4. Our English teacher’s daughter is years old. (twelfth)

5. There have been many changes in our school in years. (recently)

6. Smoking can damage your health, so give it up! (serious)

7. Don’t you like meeting with kinds of people? (variety)

8. Experience is the father of wisdom and is the mother. (succeed)

【答案】1. enemies 2. mine 3. unhealthy 4. twelve

5. recent 6. seriously 7. various 8. success

【解析】1. enemy-enemies

2. my-mine

3. healthy-unhealthy

4. twelfth-twelve

5. recently-recent

6. serious-seriously

7. variety-various

8. succeed-success

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】课后两周练习

【难度系数】3

【试题来源】

【题目】Complete the sentence with the given words in their suitable forms(用

括号中所给单词

的适当形式完成下列句子，每空格限填一词)：

1. Yesterday the couple talked a lot with a friend of ________on the internet.

(they)

2. The 3rd China’s Got Talent offers the child a chance to show his special

_______. (able)

3. April Fool’s Day is a(n)________holiday. You can play a trick on anybody

around you.(usual)

4. I hear that her uncle has bought a new flat in the city centre_________.(recent)

5. Williams gave his students a wonderful ________on Manners last

Wednesday.(speak)

6. Doctor Lin left in a hurry to __________on a wonderful young man just

now .(operation )

7. Mrs Zhou always does her favour to students who need help with great

_______.(pleased)

8. Don’t __________too much on your parents. Try to deal with problems

yourselves.(independent)

【答案】1. theirs 2. ability/abilities 3. unusual 4. recently

5. speech 6. operate 7. pleasure 8. depend

【解析】1. they-theirs

2. able-ability

3. usual-unusual

4. recent-recently

5. speak-speech

6. operation-operate

7. pleased-pleasure

8. independent-depend

【知识点】单词的形态变化同步

【适用场合】随堂课后练习

【难度系数】3