2024年3月14日发(作者：)

The Development of Chinese Philosophy（中国哲学的发展）

 The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)

 The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)

 Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)

 The buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)

 Neo-confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)

 Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清实学)

Chinese Religions（中国的宗教）

 Indigenous（本土的）：Taoist Religion（道教）

When the Eight Immortals cross the sea,each demongstrates his/her divine

power(八仙过海，各显神通).

Dragon-Tiger Mountain is recognised as the most sacred mountain of the

Taoist religion. It is the birthplace of the Taoist religion.

 Foreign：Buddhism，Islam，Christianity

Buddhism(佛教)

▪During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism entered its golden age.

▪The theory of Buddhism is based on the theory of samsara (轮回)，meaning

that living beings orbit around the six spheres of heaven, hell and earth, just like an

ever-turning wheel. The path of a Buddhist is to achieve enlightment.

▪The cornerstone(观点) of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is

suffering.

▪The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛)：life is suffering, the cause of

suffering is desire, the answer is to quench (抑制) desire, the way to this end is to

follow the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).

▪The Four Heavenly Kings(四大天王) the statue of Maitreya(弥勒佛：laughing

Buddha)

The Eighteen Arhats(十八罗汉)

▪Buddhism Temples

The First Buddhist Temple—The White Horse Temple

 The White Horse Temple, located 21 km east of the Luoyang City, Henan

Province, was the first officially built Buddhist temple in China in the Eastern Han

Dynasty.

 It was named after the white horse that carried the Buddhist scriptures from

India to Luoyang, then the capital of the country.

The famous Buddhist mountains:of the many Buddhist mountains, mount

Wutai,mount Emei,mount Putuo and mount Jiuhua are accepted as the four sacred

Buddhist mountains in China.

Classical Literature

Dating back to 1000 B.C, the four civilization of China, India, Egypt and Greece

have produced verse in different forms and for different e verse

centred on human life and religion and has been one of the two orthodox genres

of Chinese literature(the other one is prose).

Poetry, one of the earliest artistic forms, originated from folk songs before the

existence of written Chinese. Its contents evolved out of people’s everyday life,

and reflected their labor and entertainment. The Book of Songs (《诗经》) and

Poetry of the South (《楚辞》) are regarded as the two peaks of China’s earliest

literary.

The Book of Songs (《诗经》) ：

A collection of China’s 305 oldest poems from the Early Western Zhou

Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period; regarded as the earliest realistic

literature in China.

Poetry of the South （《楚辞》） ：

• Poetry of the South is derived from the songs of the southern state of Chu

during the Warring States Period.

• It pioneered romanticism in Chinese poetry.

• The verse of Poetry of the South is freer than those of The Book of Songs. It is

not fixed to four characters per line, and the character of “xi” (兮) is often put in

the middle or the end of some lines.

The Prose of the Pre-Qin Period (先秦子学)

▪ The prose in the pre-Qin period includes historical prose (历史散文) and

philosophical prose (诸子散文).

▪ Historical prose ： The Book of History《尚书》； Spring and Autumn Annals

《春秋》； Zuo’s Commentary 《左传》； Intrigues of the Warring States 《战国

策》； Discourses of the States 《国语》

▪ Philosophical prose： Lao Zi (Dao De Jing), Mo Zi, Mencius, Zhuang Zi,The

Analects of Confucius(老子，《道德经》)

Han Dynasty Literature（汉代文学）

▪ hanfu (汉赋)

▪ Representative Hanfu： On Faults of Qin 《过秦论》；Records of the Grand

Historian《史记》

▪ yuefu folk songs (汉乐府民歌)

It features five-character lines and reflects the reality and life of lower-class

working people.

▪ Outstanding Yuefu Folk songs （乐汉府民歌）： Southeast the Peacock Flies

《孔雀东南飞》；The Ballads of Mulan 《木兰诗》

The Literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties（魏晋南北

朝）

▪ A new genre

The stories recording spirits and anecdotes (志人志怪小说)

▪ Outstanding works of this period

The Peach Blossom Spring 《桃花源记》

The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons《文心雕龙》

The Tang Poems（唐诗）

• The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems《全唐诗》（The biggest-ever

collection of Chinese poetry.）

• The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four

stages: Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang and late Tang

• Li Bai（李白）, the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest

romantic poet in Chinese literature.

• In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are

blended effortlessly.

• Thinking in the Silent Night 《静夜诗》

• Hard is the Road to Shu 《蜀道难》

• Dreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains《梦游天姥吟留别》

• Du Fu（杜甫）and his poems

• Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic

poet in Chinese developed a depressing and meticulous literary style.

• “Three officers” (三吏) :The Xin’an Officer 《新安吏》;The Shihao Officer

《石壕吏》;Officer at Tongguan Pass《潼关吏》

• “Three Partings” (三别) :Parting of the Newly-wed《新婚别》;Parting of the

Old《垂老别》；Parting of the Homeless《无家别》

Poets in two categories: frontier poets (边塞诗人), represented by Gao Shi and

Cen Shen; pastoral poets (田园诗人) represented by Meng Haoran and Wangwei.

Fiction in the Ming and Qing Dynasty（明清小说）

▪ Four famous Chinese classics of literature：Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《三国演义》；Water Margin《水浒传》；Journey to the West《西游记》；Dream of the

Red Mansions《红楼梦》 （explicit）

▪ Townsfolk literature

Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping 《三言二拍》

▪ Satirical novel

The Scholars 《儒林外史》

Strange Tales from a Scholar’s Studio 《聊斋志异》

Great Writers of the 20th Century（20世纪伟大的作家）

• Two peaks of Chinese modern literature

The May 4th Movement（五四运动） in 1919and the opening-up policy in

1978 have produced two peaks of literary prosperity.

• Eight great writers of the 20th century：Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba

Jin, Laoshe, Cao Yu, Shen Congwen and Ai Qing

Traditional Operas

Beijing Opera（京剧）

• Originally Beijing Opera was a form of local theatre. It then spread across the

country and became the national opera of China.

• Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting (唱、念、做、打) are the four

artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.

• Each action by the performer is highly symbolic. Feelings and ideas are often

expressed through these symbolic motions.

Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou

• The characters of Beijing Opera are classified according to sex, age,

disposition, profession, and social status.

• There are four major roles in Beijing Opera today: sheng (male), dan (female),

jing (painted face, male) and chou (clown).

Other Major Traditional Chinese Opera ：Kunqu Opera；Shaanxi Opera；Chuan

Opera；Yue Opera；Huangmei Opera；Yue Opera

The Development of Traditional Education （传统教育的发展）

Private Schools

 A private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that

generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set

textbooks and no specified time span of study.

 In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many

scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way. Among

them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.

Official Schools

 Official schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were

sponsored (创办) by the official constitution called Xiangxue (乡学: official

institutions). Only children of nobles were admitted.

 The official schooling system included a central school and local schools in

different administrative regions.

 The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five

Classics (四书五经).{ Four Books：The Great Learning 《大学》；The Doctrine of

Mean ；《中庸》 The Analects of Confucius《论语》；Mencius《孟子》； Five Classics：

The Book of Poems 《诗经》The Book of History《尚书》；The Book of Rites《礼记》；

The Book of Changes《易经》；The Spring and Autumn Annals《春秋》}

Higher school

Undergraduate studies cover basic courses, specialty basic courses, and

specialty courses. college and university students also have a wide choice of

extracurricular(课外)activities and every institution of higher learning has a student

association practicing “self-management,self-education,and self-service.”

Ancient Science and Technology

The Four Major Inventions：Compass；Papermaking；Gunpowder；Printing

A compass vehicle (指南车) was an ancient Chinese vehicle equipped with

many gear wheels and a wooden figure that always pointed south no matter which

direction the vehicle went. It’s an earlier and more primitive form of the compass.

Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）

Traditional Chinese painting, Beijing Opera, and traditional Chinese medicine

are known throughout the world as the three treasures of China.

Traditional Chinese medicine is very different from Western Medicine in its

means of diagnosis, treatment and its composition of drugs and prescriptions(药

方).

• Listening, smelling, inquiring, observing, and feeling the pulse (望、闻、问、

切) are four diagnostic (诊断的) methods in traditional Chinese medicine.

Li Shizhen (李时珍) of the Ming Dynasty, whose monumental masterpiece,

Compendium of Meteria Medica (本草纲目)，eight hundred and thirty-five years

earlier than the next pharmacopeia(药典)in the world。

Traditional Physical Activities

l arts (Wushu 武术)

Modern martial arts consist of five categories: Boxing; Weapon exercises;

Sparring exercises; Actual combat; Teamwork

2. Distinguished Chinese Martial Arts

Shaolin Boxing ：It is the representative boxing style of the Long Boxing.

Characterized by sturdiness (坚定), fast attacks, and coordinated (协调的) forward

and backward moves. Its serial moves are mostly short and straight.

Shadow boxing：A school of Chinese popular martial arts marked for slow and

gentle movements that are designed for defense, strengthening of physique and

prevention of diseases.

Qigong（气功）, also called deep breathing exercises, is practiced by the

Chinese on a regular basis to keep fit. Literally “qi” means “air” implying “life

force”. The purpose of qigong is to coordinate the health of the mind and body.

National physical fitness：Dragon boat racing; Dragon and lion dance; Kite

Flying; Yangge; Horse racing; Tug-of-War (拔河) ; Rope Skipping (跳绳); Radio

broadcasting callisthenics (广播体操)

Rings (奥运五环)：They represent the five inhabited continents, although no

particular ring is meant to represent any specific continent. The rings are interlaced

(交织) to represent the idea that the Olympics are universal, bringing athletes from

the entire world together.

Chinese Outstanding Competitive Sports

Table Tennis（乒乓球）

Table tennis is very popular throughout China and is popularly known as the

“National Ball Game” of China.

“ping-pong diplomacy”(乒乓外交):In April 1971,after the 31

st

world table

tennis tournament in Japan, the Chinese team invited the united states table tennis

team to visit China. In 1972, the Chinese table tennis team accepted the invitation

to pay a return visit to the United States. the friendly exchange between the

Chinese and American nations, and became known as “ping-pong diplomacy”.

Spring Festival(春节)

• China’s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month

each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.

• In fact, with so many people returning home, it is the busiest time for

transportation systems.

• Its Origin:Spring Festival is also called guonian, which means keeping the

monster Nian away. There are many legends about the origin of Nian. A popular

legend from ancient times described Nian as a fierce monster resembling a bull

with a lion’s head. During winter, when food was scarce Nian would leave his

mountain lair (兽穴) to eat local villagers or drive them from their homes.

• Spring Festival Couplets（春联）The Spring Festival Gala（春晚）

• Spring Festival Eve ：Houses are brightly lit and a large sumptuous family

dinner is served. Dishes such as chicken, fish and tofu must be included, for in

Chinese, their pronunciations, respectively Ji, yu and doufu, mean “auspicious,

abundant and blessed”. Niangao means “higher and higher, one year after

another.”

• Jiaozi, or dumpling, means “bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the

new” (辞旧迎新)

Lantern Festival（元宵节）

• The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is

closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Year celebrations,

following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern

Festival is the grand display of beautiful lanterns.

Activities：Guessing Riddles；Yuanxiao（tangyuan）；lighting and lanterns(彩

灯)

Culinary culture烹饪文化)

The features of Chinese Food：Colour, Aroma, and Taste ，with taste being the

most refers not only to the beautiful color of the food, but also

to the layout and design.

Cooking Methods:Time and temperature play an important role in cooking.

Seasonings:Taste mainly depends on the seasonings. There are many tastes—

salty (salt, soy sauce), sweet (sugar, honey), sour (vinegar), pungent (chili, ginger,

scallion 葱), fragrant (sesame oil香油, coriander 香菜, wine), prickled (麻的) (prickly

ash 花椒) and tangy (monosodium glutamate or MSG 味精) and bitter (dried

tangerine 陈皮, bitter apricot kernel 苦杏仁).sometimes the seasonings are

complex.

Yin-yang Principle(阴阳准则):Each food has its own characteristics of yin or

yang. Yin foods are thin, cooling and low in calories. Yang foods are rich, spicy,

warming and high in calories. Boiling food makes them yin; frying them makes

them yang.

Eight Regional Cuisines（八大菜系）：

• 鲁菜：Shandong Cuisine, also known as Lu Cai, is famous for its qualities of

freshness, clear colours, dedication to fragrance and pure tastes.（Yellow River carp

in sweet and sour sauce糖醋黄河鲤鱼；bird’s nest soup燕窝汤；Dezhou stewed

chicken德州扒鸡）

• 川菜：Sichuan Cuisine, also known as Chuan Cai, is famous for its many flavors,

especially for its hot and pungent flavoring. (hot pot火锅；twice-cooked pork回锅

肉；spicy diced chicken with peanuts宫保鸡丁)

• 粤菜：Guangdong Cuisine is known as Yue Cai Tasting clean, light, crisp and

fresh.

It usually has fowl (家禽) and other meats to produce its unique dishes. （roast

piglet烤乳猪；shark’s fin soup鱼翅羹）

• 闽菜：Fujian Cuisine, also known as Min Cai, is noted for its light taste and

sweet and sour flavour. （tonic soup with shark’s fin and other delicacies佛跳墙）

• 苏菜：Jiangsu Cuisine, also known as Su Cai, has characteristically sweet taste.

（Jinling salted dried duck金陵盐水鸭;Triple combo duck三套鸭）

• 浙菜：Zhejiang Cuisine, also known as Zhe Cai, has won a reputation for

freshness, tenderness, softness, and smoothness in its dishes with mellow（柔和的）

fragrance.（Dongpo pork东坡肉;Hangzhou beggar’s chicken叫花子鸡；West Lake

fish in vinegar sauce西湖醋鱼；shelled shrimps with Longjing tea leaves龙井虾仁）

• 徽菜：Anhui Cuisine, also known as Hui Cai, is highly distinctive not only for its

elaborate choices of cooking ingredients but also for its strict control of the

cooking process. The food is slightly spicy and salty.(stewed snapper炖笛鲷；

Huangshan braised pigeon黄山炖鸡)

• 湘菜：Hunan Cuisine, also known as Xiang Cai, is akin to that of the chili-rich

Sichuan dishes. It is also characterised by a dense pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and

shallot are necessities in this cuisine. The main cooking methods are

braising,double-boiling,steaming and stewing.(dong’an chicken东安子鸡；

peppery and hot chicken麻辣子鸡)

Table Manners （餐桌礼仪0

Arrangement of seats：Special guests and the elderly sit on the north side of

the table or directly facing the entrance to the room.

Toasts ：Some other toasts can be offered: “Toast for your health”, “Toast

to our friendship”, etc.

The courses：Serving order is from cold to hot. Hot entrees (主菜) should be

served starting on the left of the seat across from the main guests. Hosts tend to

over-order food to avoid embarrassment should all the food be consumed.

Chinese Tea （中国的茶）

The Chinese have a common saying, “Seven things in the house: firewood,

rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea”(柴米油盐酱醋茶).

• Tea Classification：The five types are green tea (绿茶), black tea (红茶), oolong

tea (乌龙茶), compressed tea (砖茶: brick tea), and scented tea (花茶). Some minor

types are white tea and yellow tea.

绿茶：Green tea is the most natural of all Chinese teas. Green tea has the

longest history with now the largest production volume and broadest production

area.

乌龙茶：Oolong tea sits half way between green tea and black tea in the sense

that it's half- fermented. Aroma ranges from light to medium. Oolong tea is the

most previous.

红茶和绿茶的区别：

The difference is that green tea keeps the original color of tea leaves without

fermentation during processing, whereas black tea is fermented before baking.

Black tea is so named because the tea liquid and tea leaves are reddish black. It

tastes sweet and can facilitate the fostering of yang energy in the human body and

erase the greasiness of the stomach.

Compressed tea: Compressed tea can be stored for years or even decades.

Aged Compressed tea has a gentle flavor.

Tea Etiquette（茶礼仪）

• When you pour tea, the rule of “full cup for wine and half cup for tea”

should be observed.

Wine Feasts :arm-crossed wine(交杯酒)

Drinkers’ Wager Game （行酒令）

These can be classified into three categories:general games,Literary games

and contest games.

• General games

• Ladies attending banquets may play general games such as telling jokes,

solving riddles and passing down a flower to the beats of a drum (击鼓传花).

Embroidery (刺绣)

Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan, Su

Embroidery (苏绣) from Suzhou, Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from Hunan Yue

Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong. Shu embroidery is famous for its simplicity,

Su for its delicate stitches,Xiang for its rich colours,and Yue its complicated

patterns.

Batik (蜡染)：Batik or wax printing is a traditional Chinese folk art, which

combines painting and dying. It presents a variety of ethnic styles and is most

popular among the Buyi, the Miao and the Yao ethnic groups.

The Silk Road（丝绸之路）：The Silk Road was the main trade route running

through Asia in ancient times. It started from the Weishui Valley (渭水流域) in the

east and ended on the east coast of the Mediterranean (地中海), from where it led

to various places around Europe. From the Western Han Dynasty on, China’s silk

was exported via this route to the West, and thus a closer link between China and

the West was formed, and cultural exchanges and friendly visits were promoted.

Chinese Bridges

The Stone Arch Bridge (石拱桥)：Zhaozhou Bridge by the mason (石匠) Li Chun.

The Zigzag Bridge (曲折桥):As a landscaping structure, the zigzag bridge is

found in some gardens or suburban parks. It is intended to give an interesting

scenic feature on lakes and a bridge may have three, five or more

zigzags. The Nine-Bend Bridge in Yuyuan Garden of Shanghai’s old town is a

typical example. Crossing 30 metres of the lake, the bridge winds more than 100

metres because of its nine twists and turns.

The Pavilion Bridge (亭桥) :A component part of the art of landscape

gardening, the pavilion bridge is often built over the surface of a quiet lake,

forming a small scenic area and providing sightseers with a place of rest, sheltered

from the sun and rain.

Pagodas(塔) :Chinese pagodas come in various sizes and shapes. Some

resemble towers, others pavilions and still others are similar to pyramids. Some

stand alone, and others have been built in clusters.