2024年3月8日发(作者：)

2023北京高三二模英语汇编

阅读理解C篇

（2023

北京东城

统考二模）Besides the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin was also responsible for the

theory of emotion, the most important principle of which was that the mind consists of two competing forces, the

rational(理性的)and the emotional. He believed emotions played a part in the lives of non-human animals, but in

humans emotions were a very small remaining part whose usefulness had been largely replaced by the evolution of

reason.

This theory dominated his field for more than a century, but it was dead wrong. We now know that, on the

contrary, emotions enhance our process of reasoning and aid our decision-making. In fact, we can’t make decisions,

or even think, without being influenced by our emotions.

Consider a pioneering 2020 study in which researchers analyzed the work of 118 professional traders at four

investment banks. Some were highly successful, but many were not. The researchers’ goal was to understand what

differentiated the two groups. Their conclusion? The traders had different attitudes toward emotions.

The relatively less successful traders for the most part denied that emotions had an effect on their decision-making. The most successful traders, in contrast, had a different attitude. They showed a great willingness to reflect

on their emotion-driven behaviour. They recognised that emotion and good decision-making were linked. Accepting

that emotions were necessary for high performance, they tended to reflect critically about the role of emotion. Though

the successful traders accepted the positive and essential role emotions played, they understood that when emotions

become too intense it is useful to know how to tone them down. The issue for them was not how to avoid emotion,

but how to harness it.

If emotions aid rational reasoning, how does that work? Perhaps the most important discovery regarding the role

of emotion is that even when you believe you are exercising cold, logical reason, you aren’t. People aren’t usually

aware of it, but the very framework of their thought process is highly influenced by what they’re feeling at the time.

As the Caltech neuroscientist Ralph Adolphs puts it: “Each emotion is a functional state of the mind that puts your

brain in a particular mode of operation that adjusts your goals, directs your attention, and modifies(调整) the weights

you assign to various factors as you do mental calculations.

The new view of emotion may not correspond to the way Darwin saw it, but it does support one of the basic

conclusions of his theory of evolution: humans are not as different from non-human animals as people believed. Want

to fare better? Value and regulate your emotion.

1. Based on the study, successful traders would__________.

A. reveal their hidden emotions

B. owe their success to emotions

C. review decisions depending on emotions

D. examine their actions influenced by emotions

2. What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean?

A. Control and use.

C. Face and adapt to.

B. Analyse and release.

D. Understand and accept.

3. According to Paragraph 5, which of the following is the best example of Ralph Adolphs’ words?

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A. Confidence may expose one to more chances.

B. Depression will consume one’s energy.

C. Anger may lead one to risk-seeking.

D. Optimism will affect one’s health.

4. What is mainly discussed in the passage?

A. The contributing factors to emotions.

B. The workable strategies of emotions.

C. The working principle of emotions.

D. The constructive role of emotions.

（2023 北京西城 统考二模）Laughing together is an important way for people

to connect and bond. And though the causes of laughter can vary widely across

individuals and groups, the sound of a laugh is usually recognizable between people

belonging to different cultures.

But what about animals? Do they “laugh”? And are the causes of animal and human

laughter alike? In humans, people may laugh when they hear a joke, or when they see

something that they think is funny, though it's unknown if animals' intelligence includes what humans would call a

sense of humor.

However, many animals produce sounds during play that are unique to that pleasant social interaction.

Researchers consider such vocalizations to be similar to human laughter. Recently, scientists investigated play

vocalization to see how common it was among animals. The team identified 65 species that “laughed”while playing-most were mammals（哺乳动物）， but a few bird species demonstrated playful laughter too. Reports of playful

laughter were notably absent in studies describing fish, perhaps because there is some question as to whether or not

play exists at all in that animal group. This new study could help scientists to analyze the origins of human laughter.

But how can we identify play? Unlike fighting, play is usually repetitive and happens independently of other

social behaviors, said lead study author Sasha Winkler, a doctor of biological anthropology at the University of

California. When it comes to identifying it, “you know it when you see it,” Winkler told Live Science. One sign is

that primates-our closest relatives-have a “play face” that is similar to the expressions of humans who are playing.

When Winkler previously worked with rhesus macaques, she had noticed that the monkeys panted（喘气）quietly while playing. Many other primates are also known to vocalize during play, she said, so a hypothesis (laughter

in humans is thought to have originated during play) supported by the play-related panting laughter of many primate

species was put forward.

People now still laugh during play, but we also integrate laughter into language and non-play behaviors, using

laughter in diverse ways to express a range of emotions that may be positive or negative. Human laughter notably

differs from other animals' laughter in another important way: its volume. People broadcast their laughter loudly,

often as a way of establishing inclusion. By comparison, when most animals laugh, the sound is very quiet-just loud

enough to be heard by the laugher's partner.

“It's really fascinating that so many animals have a similar function of vocalization during play,” Winkler told

Live Science. “But we do have these unique parts of human laughter that are also an important area for future study.”

5. What is the main purpose of the passage?

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A. To explain causes of animal and human laughter.

B. To assess complexities regarding animal laughter.

C. To present findings on the existence of animal laughter.

D. To analyze differences between animal and human laughter.

can we learn from this passage?

A. Animal laughter is even noticeable in fish.

B. Animal laughter is hard to recognize during play.

C. People have learned to combine play with laughter.

D. People laugh loudly because they want to involve others.

7. What is probably the focus of future study on laughter?

A. Distinctive features of human laughter.

B. Different functions of animal laughter.

C. The origin and development of human laughter.

D. The relationship between animal laughter and intelligence.

（2023 北京海淀 统考二模）Even people who tend to think conventionally, such as accountants, can be

creative, a recent study suggests, if they can look at emotional situations in a different light. In a set of experiments,

researchers found that conventional thinkers came up with more creative ideas than peers after they practised

“emotional reappraisal”. This means viewing a situation through another emotional lens, such as trying to see an

anger-inducing event as one that is neutral or hopeful.

The study indicates that creativity is something that can be trained. “Whenever we break away from our existing

perspective and try to think about something that's different from our initial reaction, there's a creative element to it.

If we can practise or train that flexible-thinking muscle, it may help us be more creative over time,” said lead author

Lily Zhu, an assistant professor at Washington State University.

For the study, Zhu and her colleagues conducted two similar experiments. In the first experiment with 335 people

recruited through a crowdsourcing platform, the participants were first ranked on their openness levels and then

shown a film scene designed to elicit (引起)anger. While viewing, they were given different instructions: to suppress

their emotions, to think about something else to distract themselves or to try emotional reappraisal—looking at the

scene through another lens. Some were also given no instruction on how to regulate their feelings.

After viewing the film, the participants were asked to come up with an idea to use an empty space in their

building. Those ideas were then evaluated by a panel of experts who did not know anything about the participants.

Ideas such as using the space for “napping capsules” were considered highly creative whereas ideas like opening a

similar cafeteria as before were considered low in creativity.

The next experiment had a different group of 177 participants write about an experience that made them angry.

They were then tasked with either writing about it again from a different emotional perspective or writing about

something else as a distraction.

In both experiments, conventional thinking participants who tried emotional reappraisal came up with more

creative ideas than other conventional thinkers who used suppression, distraction or no emotional regulation strategy

at all. Notably, for participants who were considered creative thinkers to begin with, emotional reappraisal did not

seem to have much effect on their creativity.

As to the implications of the study, Zhu suggested that supervisors in workplace should develop trainings to

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cultivate creative thinking skills in employees. Individuals can also practise emotional reappraisal when confronted

with a crisis or challenge instead of suppressing negative emotions.

8. Which of the following is most probably an example of emotional reappraisal?

A. Considering an occurrence objectively.

B. Taking one's success as an opportunity.

C. Distracting oneself from an annoying event.

D. Regarding disappointment as a turning point.

the study, we know that__________

A. creative thinkers' creativity was enhanced after practising emotional reappraisal

B. evaluating experts had adequate information about the research subjects

C. the research findings could be applied to the training of employees

D. the first experiment aimed to select the most creative design

10. Which would be the best title for the passage?

A. Change Feelings to Boost Creativity

B. Effective Strategies to Manage Emotions

C. Think Over to Explore Creative Potential

D. A New Way to Remove Negative Emotions

（2023 北京朝阳 统考二模）Researchers from a U.K. plant research institute have found a way to provide

plants with an antibody-based defense for a specific threat, potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to

any kind of emerging virus, or bacterium (细菌). The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen (病原体) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce,

and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene.

Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to

food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors

that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for

molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own

death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.

A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be

produced as fast as pathogens emerge. One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor, changing the

protein’s shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule.

Instead, Sophien Kamoun, a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory, and his colleagues used an

animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments. During an infection with a new pathogen, animals

produce billions of slightly different antibodies, ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the

virus.

Camelids, which include camels, are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create

unusually small versions, called nano-bodies. As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy, Kamoun’s

group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules, including one called

green fluorescent protein (GFP), to detect test viruses, in this case a potato virus, engineered to make the

fluorescent proteins. They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the

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changed potato viruses. It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost

no viral reproduction.

“The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and

keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says. “This technology is a potential game changer,” says Jeff Dangl, a plant

researcher at the University of North Carolina. Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California,

Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical

knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”

11. What does the underlined word “inoculate” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Compare. B. Restore. C. Introduce. D. Label.

12. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2?

A. To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.

B. To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.

C. To demonstrate the solutions to farmers’ annual heavy losses.

D. To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.

13. What can we learn from the passage?

A. Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.

B. Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.

C. Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.

D. Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.

14. According to the passage, scientists will __________.

A. apply the outcome in the real world

B. prove the findings of resistance genes

C. identify similar means to fight diseases

D. seek more support for the new strategy

（2023

北京丰台

统考二模）Newspapers, advertisements, and labels surround us everywhere, turning our

environment into a mass of texts to be read or ignored. As the quantity of information we receive continually increases

and as information spreading is shifting from page to screen, it may be time to ask how changes in our way of reading

may affect our mental life. For how we receive information bears vitally on the ways we experience and interpret

reality.

What is most obvious in the evolution of reading is the gradual displacement of the vertical (垂直的) by the

horizontal—a shift from intensive to extensive reading. In our culture, access is not a problem, but proliferation (激增) is. And the reading act is necessarily different than it was in its earliest days. Awed by the availability of texts,

the reader tends to move across surfaces without allowing the words to resonate (共鸣) inwardly.

Interestingly, this shift from vertical to horizontal parallels the overall societal shift from bounded lifetimes spent

in single locales to lives lived in wider geographical areas amid streams of data. This larger access was once regarded

as worldliness—one traveled, knew the life of cities, the ways of diverse people…. It has now become the birthright

of anyone who owns a television set.

How do we square the advantages and disadvantages of horizontal and vertical awareness? The villagers, who

know everything about their surroundings, are blessedly unaware of events in distant lands. The media-obsessed

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urbanites, by contrast, never lose their awareness of what happens in different parts of the world.

We may ask, which people are happier? The villagers may have found more sense in things owing both to the

limited range of their concern and the depth on their information. But restricted conditions and habit also suggest

boredom and limitation. The lack of a larger perspective (视角) leads to suspiciousness and cautious conservatism,

but for the same reason, the constant availability of data and macro-perspectives has its own decreasing returns. When

everything is happening everywhere, it gets harder to care about anything.

How do we assign value? Where do we find the fixed context that allows us to create a narrative of sense about

our lives? Ideally, I suppose, one would have the best of both worlds—the purposeful fixity of the local, as well as

the availability of enhancing views: a natural ecology of information and context.

15. What can we learn about the first two paragraphs?

A. Readers today tend to ignore deep engagement with texts.

B. It’s difficult to shift from vertical to horizontal reading.

C. Where and how we read texts shapes our mental life.

D. People are tired of information proliferation.

16. According to the passage, villagers .

A. have a deeper understanding of their surroundings

B. show no interest in what happens in the world

C. are less bored than media-obsessed urbanites

D. cannot adapt to changing situations

17. What can we learn from the passage?

A. Vertical awareness allows us to care about others.

B. Changes in our reading habits lead to the societal shift.

C. It’s wise to keep a balance between a local and a global view.

D. Horizontal reading affects our mindset more than vertical reading.

（2023 北京昌平 统考二模）Have you ever been indecisive in the decision of what color car you like? Last

November, a magazine with great influence revealed its annual list of the Best Inventions, which are changing how

we live, work, play, and think about what's possible. One of these inventions was the “color changing car”.

At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show, a famous car company showcased a concept car that can change colors.

The surface coating of this car features e-ink that is most well-known from the displays of e-readers. It contains many

millions of micro-capsules，each of which contains negatively charged white pigments（颜料） and positively

charged black pigments. Depending on the chosen setting, stimulation by means of an electrical field causes either

the white or the black pigments to collect at the surface of the micro-capsule, giving the car body the desired shade.

The color chosen for a car is an expression of the driver's personalities. It offers a completely new way of

changing the vehicle's appearance in line with the driver's preferences, the environmental conditions or even

functional requirements.

A variable exterior color can contribute to energy saving and wellness in the interior. This is done by taking into

account the different abilities of light and dark colors when it comes to reflecting sunlight and the associated

absorption of thermal energy. Heating of the vehicle as a result of strong sunlight and high outside temperatures can

be reduced by changing the exterior to a light color. In cooler weather, a dark outer skin will help the vehicle to absorb

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noticeably more warmth from the sun. This would reduce the amount of energy the vehicle electrical system needs,

lowering the fuel or electricity consumption. In the interior, the technology could, for example, prevent the dashboard

from heating up too much. In electric cars, changing the color with the weather would thus increase the range of the

car. Considering the recent push for electric vehicles, this color changing technology could be a game-changer.

“Digital experiences won't just be limited to displays in the future. There will be more and more connection

between the real and virtual. With this concept car, we are bringing the car body to life, "says Frank Weber, a member

of the board of this company.

concept car can change colors mainly because of .

A. the reflection of sunlight

B. the stability of electrical field

C. the area of white and black e-ink

D. the gathering of charged pigments

for the color changing car, which would the author agree with?

A. It will be put into mass production in the near future.

B. It can change colors automatically according to weather.

C. It can show personalities and improve car performance.

D. It will save energy by transforming heat into electrical energy.

would be the best title for the passage?

A. Car Design: New Challenges

B. The Development of Car Exterior

C. Magical E-ink in Car Design

D. New Invention of Cars: Tailored Exterior

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参考答案

1. D 2. A

11．C

3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D

13．B 14．A

7. A 8. D 9. C 10. A

12．D

15. A 16. A 17. C

【解析】

【导语】本文是说明文。随着我们接收到的信息量不断增加，随着信息传播从页面转移到屏幕，是时候问一下我们阅读方式的变化会如何影响我们的精神生活了。

【15题详解】

推理判断题。根据第一段“Newspapers, advertisements, and labels surround us everywhere, turning our

environment into a mass of texts to be read or ignored.（报纸、广告和标签无处不在，把我们的环境变成了一大堆可以阅读或忽略的文本。）”以及第二段“Awed by the availability of texts, the reader tends to move across

surfaces without allowing the words to resonate(共鸣) inwardly. (由于对文本的可用性感到敬畏，读者倾向于在表面上移动，而不允许文字在内心产生共鸣。)”可知，今天的读者往往忽略了与文本的深度接触。故选A。

【16题详解】

细节理解题。根据第四段“The villagers, who know everything about their surroundings, are blessedly

unaware of events in distant lands.（村民们对周围的一切都了如指掌，幸运的是，他们对遥远的地方发生的事情一无所知。）”可知，村民们

对周围环境有更深入的了解。故选A。

【17题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段“How do we assign value? Where do we find the fixed context that allows us to

create a narrative of sense about our lives? Ideally, I suppose, one would have the best of both worlds—the

purposeful fixity of the local, as well as the availability of enhancing views: a natural ecology of information and

context.（我们如何赋值?我们在哪里找到一个固定的环境，让我们能够创造一种关于我们生活的感觉?我想，最理想的情况是，一个人将拥有两全其美的一面——有目的的固定的地方，以及增强视野的可用性：信息和环境的自然生态。）”可知，在本地视角和全球视角之间保持平衡是明智的。故选C。

18. D

19. C 20. D

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