2024年3月8日发(作者：)

thermodynamics n. 热力学

system n. 体系

thermodynamic state 热力学状态

dimension 量纲

SI= International System of Units 国际单位制

intensive thermodynamic variable 强度（热力学）变量

extensive thermodynamic variable 广度（热力学）变量

celsius scale 摄氏刻度 → fahrenheit scale

kelvin scale 开尔文刻度 → Rankine scale

dead-weight gauge 静压、压力表

mano meter （流体）压力计

product 乘积

kinetic energy 动能

E1k2mu2

potential energy 势能

EPmgz

conservation 守恒

* Terms in chapter 2

sublimation curve 升华线

fusion curve 熔融线

vaporization curve （蒸发）汽化线

single-phase region 单相区

triple point 三相点

univariant 单变量

divariant 多变量

critical point 临界点

critical pressure 临界压力

华氏刻度

critical temperature 临界温度

dome-shaped curve 圆拱形曲线

saturated vapors at their condensation temperatures 露点的饱和蒸汽

saturated liquids at their vaporization(boiling) temperatures 泡点的饱和液体

vapor pressure 蒸汽压

subcooled-liquid region 过冷液体区

superheated-vapor region 过热蒸汽区

partial derivative 偏导数

differentiate v. 求微分，求导 differentiation n.

derivate n. 求导数 derivation 求导数，求解

incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体

ideal-gas

理想气体

简单流体 （argon、krypton、xenon） simple fluid

virial expansion 维里展开式

维里系数

维里方程

virial coefficients

virial equation

equation of state

状态方程

PV

RT1V

VTPcompressibility factor 压缩因子

Zvolume expansivity 体积膨胀系数

isothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数

acentric factor

isothermal process

isobaric process

isochoric process

adiabatic process

polytropic process

throttling process

等温过程

偏心因子

1V

VPT等压过程

等容过程

绝热过程

多变过程

节流过程

H0

truncate equation to two terms 截断方程前二项

cubic equation of state 立方型状态方程

reduced pressure

reduced temperature

reduced density

corresponding-state parameters 对应态参数

generalized correlations 普遍化关联

nonpolar

非极性的

弱极性的

高极性的

对比压力

对比温度

对比密度

slightly polar

highly polar

volumetric properties 容积性质

realistic 现实主义的，逼真的

dashed line 虚线

dotted line 点线

straight line 实线

Terms in chapter 3

internal energy 内能 transport across

kinetic energy 动能

Et1mu2

2potential energy 势能

Epmgz

conservation 守恒

operator 算符，运算符 （such as “Δ”）

system 体系

surroundings 环境

closed system 封闭体系

open system 开放体系

finite change 有限的变化

infinitesimal change 无限的变化

differential change 微分（小）的变化

intensive property 强度性质

extensive property 广度性质

specific or molar property 单位（比）性质或摩尔性质

property — variable — function

thermodynamics state of the system 体系热力学状态

thermodynamics properties 热力学性质

state function(s) 状态函数

equilibrium 平衡

(the) phase rule 相率

reversible process 可逆过程

irreversible process 不可逆过程

mechanically reversible 机械可逆

thermostate 恒温箱

constant—temperature bath 恒温浴

efficiency 效率，（有效）系数

enthalpy 焓

heat capacity 热容

constant—volume heat capacity 恒容热容

constant—pressure heat capacity 恒压热容

vector quantity 矢量

scalar magnitude 数量，纯量

continuity equation 连续方程

steady state (flow process) 移去（流动过程）

datum level 基准面

shaft work 体积功

stirring work 搅拌功

work associated with moving the flow streams 流动功

expansion work 膨胀功

surface work 表面功

electricity work 电功

calorimeter 量热计(测定焓)

intensive property 强度性质

extensive property 广度性质

shaft work 轴功

enthalpy 焓

entropy 熵

heat-capacity 热容

Gibbs energy (G) 吉布斯自由能

Helmholtz energy (A) 亥姆霍茨自由能

internal energy 内能

system 系统，体系

close system 封闭体系

equilibrium state 平衡态

total differential of F F的全微分

exact differential expression 全微分表达式

Maxwell equations 麦克斯威尔方程

homogeneous fluid 均相流体

residual property 剩余性质

real gas 真实气体 actual gas

ideal gas 理想气体

explicit function 显函数

volume explicit 体积显函数

pressure explicit 压力显函数

isentropic process 等熵过程

reversible adiabatic process 绝热可逆过程

pseudocritical parameter 虚拟临界参数

path variables 过程变量

state variables 状态变量

constant pressure heat capacity CP

等压热容

constant volume heat capacity CV

等容热容

residual property

reference state

剩余性质

参比态

reference condition

partial derivative 偏导数

total derivative 全导数

 volume expansivity 体积膨胀系数

 isothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数

quality

fugacity

逸度

逸度系数

干度

fugacity coefficient

*Terms in Chapter 4

chemical potential 化学势，化学位

partial property

偏性质

偏摩尔性质

理想溶液

真实溶液

超额/过量性质

超额/过量自由焓

偏摩尔超额/过量性质

活度

活度系数

标准态

混合性质

正规溶液

无热溶液

partial molar property

ideal solution

real solution

excess property

excess Gibbs energy

partial excess property

activity

activity coefficient

standard state

property change of mixing

regular solution

atherpical solution

local-composition

局部组成

局部摩尔分数 local molar fraction

*Terms in Chapter 5

First Law of thermodynamics（energy conservation law）热力学第一定律

steady-state flow processes

control volume

heat Engines

热机

卡诺热机

热效率

热力学效率

等熵效率

理想功和损耗功

稳定状态流动过程

控制体

Carnot engine

thermal efficiency

thermodynamic efficiency

isentropic efficiency

ideal work and lost work

exergy 火用

available Energy, availability, utilizable Energy 有效能

*Terms in Chapter 6

steam Power cycle

Carnot-engine cycle

蒸汽动力循环

卡诺循环

抽气回热循环

热电循环

乏气

热源

工质

汽耗率SSC

cycle with feed water heaters

heat-power cycle

exhaust steam

heat reservoir

working substance of the engine

specific steam consumption

refrigeration Cycle

制冷循环

蒸汽压缩（制冷）循环

吸收式制冷

卡诺冷机

vapor-compression cycle

absorption refrigeration

Carnot refrigeration

reversed heat-engine cycle 逆热机循环

multi-stage compression refrigeration多级压缩制冷

heat pump

throttling expansion process 节流膨胀过程

热泵

reversible adiabatic expansion process 可逆绝热膨胀过程

inversion curve and inversion point

condenser 冷凝器

转变曲线和转变点

expander

compressor

膨胀机

压缩机

evaporator

supheater

turbine

boiler

pump

蒸发器

过热器

透平机

锅炉

泵

*Statements of the second law

statement1: No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect (in system and

surrounings) is to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work done by

the system。(Klevin)

Statement2: No process is possible which consists solely in the transfer of heat from

are temperature lend to a high one。（克劳修斯）

Statement 2 of the second law is the basis for Carnot’s theorem:

For two given heat reservoirs no engine can have a thermal efficiency higher than

that of a Carnot engine

*Terms in Chapter 7

criteria for phase equilibrium

dew point and bubble point

flash calculation

相平衡判据

露点和泡点

闪蒸计算

thermodynamics Consistency of VLE data 汽液平衡数据的热力学一致性检验

integral inspection method

relative volatility

azeotrope

相对挥发度

恒沸

恒沸点

积分检验法

azeotropic point