2024年2月13日发(作者：)

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2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题

Section I Use of English

Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black

and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom

of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that

has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world

that seems increasingly 3 ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama

government a 4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system

that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card,

all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital

credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range

of online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users

could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have

been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one

that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems

that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.

12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods”

and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and

organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the

identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"

Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud

the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push

toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the

“voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue

that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be

licensed to drive on public roads.

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Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,

B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January

2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the

decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by

the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation

committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By

February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking

up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers

on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they

presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s

proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be

able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000

firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they

simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most

likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those

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“surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after

a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to

restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal

class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The

effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them

leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean

that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”

Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of

avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,

even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing

occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may

have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of

Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to make compromises

[D]leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .

[A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s

surprise departure, the firm is likely to .

[A]become more stable [B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market [D]perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of

wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives

from the firm

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .

[A]permissive [B]positive

[C]scornful [D]critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.

The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already

fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling

their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about

how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state

subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem

out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers

have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most

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troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to

profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit

all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists

overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs

have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even

had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures

have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed

further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of

revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual

in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,

according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In

Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more

stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the

damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car

and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign

bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But

completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author

indicates that newspaper .

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more

stable because they .

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper

business?

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .

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[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time

of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off

to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief

that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had

learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar

confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.

The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school

of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert

enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that

Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has

more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like

other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that

we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s

sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small

and efficient, rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,

for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in

their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because

of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’

details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular

at the time.

The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd

Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square

feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early

20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by

California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another

homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the

landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph

everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually

got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and

inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .

[A]prosperity and growth

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[B]efficiency and practicality

[C]restraint and confidence

[D]pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .

[A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness

[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D]was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

[A]They ignored details and proportions.

[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.

[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.

[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?

[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration

[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.

[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not

long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing

a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic

core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that

the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the

discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the

quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration

is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany,

agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about

what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and

competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not

obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU

mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial

councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of

the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and

economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour

French interference.

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A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European

economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that

means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from

richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common

Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France

government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social

harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block.

At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market

of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods,

capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to

blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .

[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant

powers .

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination

[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.

［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds

［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries

［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries

［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.

［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate

［C］conceited ［D］hopeful

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the

right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.

There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET

1. (10 points)

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Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth

coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop

offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure

young customers, Stephenson said.

Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:

“If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that

some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”

He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and

hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.

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A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for

public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.

This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social

responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper

setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”

The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical

moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed

against smoking over the last decade.

Lansley held that

e Stephenson agreed that

[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on

fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.

[B] the government should ban fast-food

outlets in the neighborhood of schools

[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to

improve school lunches in England.

Oliver seemed to believe that [D] cigarette-style warnings should be

introduced to children about the dangers

of a poor diet.

Bhugra suggested

that

45.A Department of Health

Spokesperson propsed that

[E] the producers of crisps and candies

could contribute significantly to the

Change4Life campaign.

[F] parents should set good examples for

their children by keeping a healthy diet

at home.

[G] the government should strengthen the

sense of responsibility among

businesses.

46．Direction：

In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your

translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same

volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2

emissions?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search

can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed

to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google

has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers.

While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat,

so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely

and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but

there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.

Section IV Writing

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Part A

47 Directions:

Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her

a letter to

1) congratulate him/her, and

2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

48Directions:

Write a short essay baesd on the following your writing,you should:

1)interpret the chart and

2)give your comments

you should write at least 150 wrods

write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)

2011英语二参考答案

1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B

11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D

21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA 31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD

41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G

参考答案

从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。

然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道 学习指导参考

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远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。

小作文参考答案

Dear friend,

I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard

University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence

and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college

life.

In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to

get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build

a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during

the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your

secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the

library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your

college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college

life.

Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

Dear Ming,

Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your

efforts and commitment have been paid off. You are the honor of our family.

Here come some my own advices of being a pre college student. First and foremost,

you need to improve your communication because you will meet different people with

different personalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference books will help

you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness in

campus.

Once again congratulate for your achievement!

Yours sincerely,

Zhang Wei

大作文参考答案

As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the

autos market shares within two years (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change

was the market share of national brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while

Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos

remained stable between 2008 and 2009.

There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to

explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the development of

technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation

developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude

to the native brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority

of people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to

some actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brake error

accidents significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety

concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuel price drove

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consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not

difficult to observe their steady performance.

Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the

tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully,

government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to

encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.

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