2024年1月24日发(作者：)

听力技巧篇之Note-taking

Note-taking被普遍认为是一种重要的听力技巧，可以帮助听着获取更多信息，有效地理解较长的听力内容。同时Note-taking也是听力能力的一种标志。对于较长的听力内容如讲座，听记一些signal words 能够有效帮助理解。在本篇中，将着重介绍听力讲座中的structure signals。

Signals

下面列出了讲座中最常用的表示结构的信号词，它们的作用大致可以分为：

1. Introducing

2. Giving background information

3. Defining

4. Enumerating/Listing

5. Giving examples

6. Showing importance/Emphasizing

7. Clarifying/Explaining/Putting it in other

words

8. Moving on/Changing direction

9. Giving further information

10. Giving contrasting(极不相同的，迥异的，截然不同的)

information

11. Classifying

12. Digressing(离题，偏离主题，题外话)

13. Referring to visuals

14. Concluding

1．Introducing

这类词一般出现在讲座开头，帮助你了解演讲者会说什么话题。

What I intend to say is

What I’d like to do is to discuss

What I intend to do is to explain

In my talk today,

My topic today is

Today, I’m going to talk about

I’m going to talk to you about

My colleagues and I are going to give a short presentation on

Today I want to consider

In this talk, I would like to concentrate on

The subject of this talk is

The purpose of this talk is to

The talk is designed to

…

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2．Giving background information

在给出新信息之前，演讲者一般会概括地介绍关于这个新话题的背景知识，可以回顾

前面的讲座，或者提及某些听众已经阅读过得背景资料。

As we know

As we have already seen

As we have all read

It’s clear that

It goes without saying

We all understand

It is understood

You’ll remember

…

3．Defining

对某个名词进行定义，这在讲座中也十分常见，因为即使是大家熟悉的名次，在不同的场合或主题中也可能会有特殊的含义。

is

is called

X is known as

may be defined as

is a type of Y that/which

By X, I mean

This term is used generally to mean

In the field of Y, the term refers to

A type of Y which…is X.

…

4．Enumerating/Listing

演讲者通常会用一些关联词点明将要表述的新观点的顺序，如下所示。

 Firstly—Secondly—Next—Then—Thirdly—Lastly—Finally

 First of all & In the first place & For one thing & To begin with

 In the second place & For another thing

 The first/second/next/last point I’d like to make is

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5．Giving examples

在演讲和讲座中，概括性的观点常常是由一些例子支撑的。下列信号词可以帮助大家明确这些例子支撑的是哪些观点。

This

…

For example,

For instance,

You only have to think of

Remember,

shows

A key experiment exemplifies

illustrates

This is shown by the following examples:

The following are examples of this:

The following is a case in point:

Let me give you a couple of examples:

X

Take

…

is a case in point.

X

such as

for example

for instance

…

this

…

shown

is exemplified(例证、例示；举例说明)

illustrated

…

by

6．Showing importance/Emphasizing

记笔记的时候不需要也不可能每个词都记下来，你需要区分重要和非重要信息。请注意，演讲者通常会用下列信号提醒听众注意重要的信息。

I want to stress

I want to highlight

I’d like to emphasize

I’d like to put emphasis on

It’s important to remember that

We should bear in mind that

…

…

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Don’t forget that

The crucial point is

The essential point is

The fundamental point is

Furthermore

(此外，而且，再者) ,

What’s more,

This supports my argument that,

It follows, therefore, that

What (in effect) we are saying is

…

…

7．Clarifying/Explaining/Putting it in other words

讲话人通常会用不同的表达方式重复重要信息，听着应辨别出这只是不同的说法，而不是提供了一个新信息。

In other words,

Or rather,

That is to say,

Basically

(大体上，基本上；总的说来，从根本上说),

To put it another way,

If we put that another way,

By which I mean

Or you could say

The point I’m making is

That is to say,

Namely,

i.e. (也就是，亦即。源自拉丁文 id est.)

That means

’m suggesting

What I

’m trying to say

meant to say

should have said

Let me put it another way.

…

is

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8．Moving on/Changing direction

一个演讲或语篇往往围绕几个观点或要点展开，当说话人切换进入下一个话题时，听着应听清提示词，及时意识到话题的转换。

That’s all I want to say about X.

OK; Now; All right

Having looked at … I’d now like to consider

I’d like now to move on to

Turning now to

So let’s turn to

Moving on now to

I now want to turn to ; I’d now like to turn to

The next point is; Another interesting point is

The next aspect I’d like to consider is

Let’s now look at

If we could now move on to

…

9．Giving further information

以下信号词表示说话人在进一步阐述某个话题。

Furthermore; An additional point; Another point

A further point; A similar point; In addition

Moreover; Similarly; Apart from; Not only … but

We can add; I could add that

Further; As well as; Besides

… also; too; as well

…

10．Giving contrasting information

以下信号词表明话题的转折或对比，在讲座中十分重要。

Although; However;

On the other hand; Whereas(然而，但是，尽管)

Despite; Nevertheless(尽管如此，不过，然而)

But; Alternatively

…

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11．Classifying

演讲者往往用一下提示词进行分类。

There are

N

The

consists of

X comprises(包含；由…组成)

can be divided into

classes; kinds; types

Y and Z are categories

varieties

according to

X may be classified on the basis of

depending on

…

of X.

N

types; kinds

classes

categories

sorts; varieties

categories

classes; kinds

types; varieties

of X

:Y and Z.

These are Y and Z.

are Y and Z

. These are Y and Z

: Y and Z

12．Digressing

有时演讲人会用一下提示词提到脱离主题的其他信息。

Incidentally

By the way

While I remember

Before I forget

…

13．Referring to visuals

以下信号词提示听者看图或幻灯片。

On this graph,

Take a look at this.

Let’s have a look at this.

I’d like you to look at this;

I’d like to draw your attention to

Here we can see

The … shows

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The graph illustrates

The horizontal axis represents

The vertical axis represents

As you can see,

If you look closely, you’ll see

…

14．Concluding

演讲结束会有一个总结，以下信号词帮助大家辨别结尾的出现。

We’ve seen that

First we looked at … and we saw that

Then we considered … and I argued that

In short

To sum up

In conclusion, I’d like to emphasize that

That completes my lecture.

…

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