2024年1月12日发(作者：)

Chapter 4

tion 感觉 the processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret it as

having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world.

感觉图像的信息组织和解释它的过程

ion 知觉 the process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor gives rise to neutral

impulses that result in an experience, or awareness, of conditions inside or outside the body.

感觉接收器产生神经冲动的过程，产生人机体内部或外部状况的经验意识的反应

stimulus 远距离刺激 in the processes of perception, the physical object in the world, as

contrasted with proximal stimulus, the optical image or the retina.

在知觉过程中，在世界上的物理对象，与近端刺激相比，光学图像或视网膜。

al stimulus 近距离刺激 the optical image on the retina; contrasted with the distal stimulus,

the physical object in the world

视网膜上的光学图像；与远端刺激物对比，在世界上的物理对象

physics 心理物理学 the study of the correspondence between physical simulation and

psychological experience.

物理模拟与心理体验的对应关系研究。

metric function 心理测量函数 a graph that plots the percentage of detections of a stimulus

(on the vertical axis) for each stimulus intensity (on the horizon axis)

图中的每个刺激强度（x轴）的刺激（y轴）的百分比的曲线图

detection theory 信号检测论 a systematic approach to the problem of response bias that

allows an experimenter to identify and separate the roles of sensory stimuli and the individual’s

criterion level in producing the final response

解决反映偏差的系统研究方法，可以区分被试产生感觉刺激到作用和最重反应个体的规范水平

ence threshold 差别阈限 the smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can still

be recognized as a difference; operationally defined as the point at which the stimuli are

recognized s different half of the time

两个刺激可以被识别的最小物理差别，操作上50%可以区别时

uction 换能 transformation of one form of energy into another, for example, light is

transformed into neutral impulses

能量形式从一种变为另一种的过程

10. sensory receptor 感觉感受器 specialized cell that converts physical signals into cellular signals

that are processed by the nervous system.

特定细胞把物理刺激转化为让神经系统加工的细胞信号

色度 the dimension of color space that captures the qualitative experience of the color

sensation

颜色空间的维数，捕捉到的颜色感觉的定性经验

12. saturation 饱和度 the dimension of color space that captures the purity and vividness of color

sensations

颜色空间拍摄的纯度和色彩感觉的生动性

ness 亮度 the dimension of color space that captures the intensity of light

捕捉光强度的颜色空间的维数

mentary colors 补色 colors opposite each other on the color circle; when additively

mixed, they create the sensation of white light

色圈中相对的颜色，当混合时，产生白光的感觉

omatic theory 三原色理论 the theory that there are three types of color receptors that

produce the primary color sensations of red, green, and blue

有三种颜色接收器产生出基本的颜色感觉，红色、绿色和蓝色的理论

nt-process theory 对立过程理论 the theory that all color experiences arises from three

systems, each of which includes two “opponent” elements (red versus green, blue versus yellow,

and black versus white)

颜色经验产生于三个过程，每个过程对立，红－绿，蓝－黄，白－黑

音高 sound quality of highness or lowness; primarily dependent on the frequency of the

sound wave

声音高或低的质量，主要取决于声音频率

ss 响度 a perceptual dimension of sound influenced by the amplitude of a sound wave;

sound waves in large amplitudes are generally experienced as loud and those with small

amplitudes as soft

声波的振幅影响的声音的一个感性的尺寸；在大振幅的声波一般是有经验的声音和那些以小幅度为软

音色 the dimension of auditory sensation that reflects the complexity of a sound wave

听觉的感觉，反映了一个声波的复杂性维度

theory 位置理论 the theory that different frequency tones produce maximum activation at

different locations along the basilar membrane, with the result that pitch can be coded by the place

at which activation occurs

不同频率的音调在基底膜的不同位置产生最大激活的理论，其结果是，可以被编码的位置，在该位置的激活发生

ncy theory 频率理论 the theory that a tone produces a rate of vibration in the basilar

membrane equal to its frequency, with the result that pitch can be coded by the frequency of the

neural response

不同频率的声音在耳蜗基底膜会产生不同频率的振动，可以表示不同声音的频率

principle 并发原则 an extension of frequency theory, which proposes that when peaks in

a sound wave come too frequency for a single neuron to fire at each peak, several neurons fire as

a group at the frequency of the stimulus stone

频率理论的拓展，在声波频率过高，一个神经元无法激活时，很多个神经元可以群体激活来表征比较高的频率

-control theory 门控理论 a theory about pain modulation that proposes that certain cells in

the spinal cord act as gates to interrupt and block some pains signal while sending others to the

brain

在脊柱中有特定的细胞可以像门一样控制某些痛觉信号传到大脑

ion 注意 a state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information

一种觉知状态，只关注于可以感觉到的信息的一部分

-directed attention 目标驱动注意 a determinant of why people select some parts of sensory

input for further processing; it reflects the choices made as a function of one’s own goals.

一种人们选择某些感觉刺激进一步加工的方式，反映了人的主观目的的影响

us-driven attention 刺激驱动注意 a determinant of why people select some parts of

sensory input for further processing; occurs when features of stimuli-objects in the environment-automatically capture attention, independent of the local goals of a perceiver.

一种人们选择某些刺激进一步加工的方法，刺激的特点吸引了人的注意，与人的目的无关

-up processing 自下而上的加工 perceptual analyses based on the sensory data available

in the environment; results of analysis are passed upward toward more abstract representations

在环境中的感官数据的基础上的感性的分析，结果的分析是向上传递更多的抽象表示(刺激驱动)

-down processing 自上而下的加工 perceptual processes in which information from an

individual’s past experience, knowledge, expectations, motivations, and background influence the

way a perceived object is interpreted and classified

知觉过程中的信息从一个人的过去的经验，知识，期望，动机和背景影响的方式感知对象的解释和分类(目标驱动)

Chapter5

ousness 意识 a state of awareness of internal events and the external environment

对内部世界及外部环境的觉知状态

scious 非意识 not typically available to consciousness or memory

不会被意识处理

scious memory 前意识记忆 memory that is not currently conscious but that can easily be

called into consciousness when necessary

没有意识，但是需要时可以随时用的记忆

32. inattentional blindness 非注意盲视 people’s failure to perceive objects when their attention is

focused elsewhere

当人们的注意力集中在其他地方，人们的注意力就不能察觉到物体

ian rhythm 生物节律 a consistent pattern of cyclical body activities , usually lasting 24 to

25 hours and determined by an internal biological clock.

一种一致的、持续的生物行为，一般持续24－25小时，由生物钟决定

eye movements(REM) 快速眼动睡眠 a behavioral sign of the phase of sleep during which

the sleeper is likely to be experiencing dreamlike mental activity

在睡眠的第五个阶段，睡眠者更有可能做梦

-REM(NREM) sleep 非快速眼动睡眠 the period during which a sleeper does not show rapid

eye movement; characterized by less dream activity than during REM sleep

做梦频率较低，梦境不清晰

dreaming 清醒梦境 the theory that conscious awareness of dreaming is a learnable skill

that enables dreamers to control the direction and content of their dreams.

对梦境的有意识的觉知是可以习得的技能，做梦者可以控制做梦的方向和内容的理论

is 催眠 an altered state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation, susceptibility to

suggestions, and changes in perception memory, motivation, and self-control

一种深度放松，易受别人建议影响，在知觉、记忆、动机和自我控制方面改变了的意识状态

izability 易受催眠性 the degree to which an individual is responsive to standardized

hypnotic suggestion

是否易受催眠影响的程度

tion 冥想 a form of consciousness alteration designed to enhance self-knowledge and

well-being through reduced self-awareness

一种降低自我意识，提高自知之明和幸福感的改变了的意识状态

Chapter6

ng 学习 a process based on experience that results in a relatively permanent change in

behavioral potential

基于经验，产生的相对持久的行为或行为潜能变化的过程

ng-performance distinction 学习－表现差异 the difference between what has been learned

and what is expressed in overt behavior

行为表现和学习到的不一致性

ation 习惯化 a decrease in a behavioral response when a stimulus is presented

repeatedly.

当刺激重复出现时，反应会降低

ization 敏感化 an increase in behavioral response when a stimulus is presented

repeatedly.

当刺激重复出现时，反应会更敏感

cal conditioning 经典条件化 a type of learning in which a behavior (conditioned response)

comes to be elicited by a stimulus (conditioned stimulus) that has acquired its power through an

association with a biologically significant stimulus (unconditioned stimulus).

条件刺激能够通过条件刺激与非条件刺激相联系的过程产生条件反应

反射 an unlearned response elicited by specific stimuli that have biological relevance for

an organism

受到刺激时自动产生的不需要学习的反应

ition 习得 the stage in a classical conditioning experiment during which the conditioned

response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus

条件刺激第一次引发条件反应的阶段

tion 消退 in conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a

reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus

当非条件刺激不再跟随条件刺激出现时，条件反应会消退

neous recovery 自动恢复 the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

after a rest period

过一段时间后呈现条件刺激也会有条件反应，但比较弱

us generalization 刺激泛化 the automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar

stimuli that have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

如果条件刺激没有跟非条件刺激一起过，也会自动产生条件反应

t conditioning 操作条件化 learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a

change in its consequences.

对行为结果的学习，行为反应的概率会因为行为产生的结果的变化而变化

minative stimulus 辨别性刺激 stimulus that acts as a predictor of reinforcement, signaling

when particular behavior will result in positive reinforcement

作为一种强化预测的刺激，预示特定行为会导致积极的强化

－term contingency 三项相倚 the means by which organisms learn that, in the presence of

some stimuli but not others, their behavior is likely to have a particular effect on the environment.

在某一特定环境下，某一特定刺激出现时产生某一特定反应的结果

le of reinforcement 强化程序表 in operant conditioning, a pattern of delivering and

withholding reinforcement.

操作条件话中，传递、保留强化的样式

l reinforcement effect 部分强化效应 the behavior principle that states that responses

acquired under intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those acquired with

continuous reinforcement.

对部分行为进行强化的学习结果比对所有行为进行强化产生对结果更好

ctual drift 本能漂移 the tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior

over time.

操作条件化时行为逐渐变成更像本能的行为

ational learning 观察学习 the process of learning new responses by watching the

behavior of another.

通过观察他人的行为来学习新的反应的过程

Chapter7

记忆 the mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information

编码、存储、提取信息的心理能力

it use of memory 外显记忆 conscious effort to encode or recover information through

memory processes

通过记忆过程来编码或恢复信息的有意识的努力

it uses of memory 内隐记忆 availability of information through memory processes without

conscious effort to encode or recover information

可用性的信息，通过记忆过程，无需有意识的努力来编码或恢复信息

ative memory 陈述性记忆 memory for information such as facts and events.

对于事实、事件等信息的记忆（外显记忆）

ural memory 程序性记忆 memory for how things get done; the way perceptual, cognitive,

and motor skills are acquired, retained and used.

关于事情是如何完成的、感性、认知和运动技能的方式获得、保留和使用的记忆（内隐记忆）

memory 形象记忆 memory system in the visual domain that allows large amounts of

information to be stored for very brief durations.

视觉通道记录大量信息的短时记忆

-term memory(STM) 短时记忆 memory processes associated with preservation of recent

experiences and with retrieval of information from long-term memory; short-term memory is of

limited capacity and stores information for only a short length of time without rehearsal.

对新近经验的保持，对长时记忆对提取的记忆过程，记忆容量有限，保持时间短

g memory 工作记忆 a memory resource that is used to accomplish tasks such as

reasoning and language comprehension; consists of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad,

and central executive.

完成推理、语言理解等任务的记忆资源，包括语音回路、视空间画板和中央执行

-term memory(LTM) 长时记忆 memory processes associated with the preservation of

information for retrieval at any later time.

可以在任何时间提取，容量无限的记忆

ng specificity 编码特异性 the principle that subsequent retrieval of information is

enhanced if cues received at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of

encoding.

编码信息时的线索跟提取时的线索一致时记忆效果更好

position effect 序列位置效应 a characteristic of memory retrieval in which the recall of

beginning and end items on a lists is often better than recall of items appearing in the middle.

记忆检索的一个特点，即在一个列表中的开始和结尾项目的复述往往是优于中间的项目

g 启动 in the assessment of implicit memory, the advantage conferred by prior exposure

to a word or situation

在对内隐记忆的评估中，之前获得的优势显露在一个词或情景中

ts 概念 mental representation of a kind or category of items and ideas.

对某一种项目或观念的精神表征

ype 原型 the most representative example of a category

最典型的例子来表征

ar 范例 member of a category that people have encountered

将所有见过的概念都记下来

ulb memories 胶囊记忆 people’s vivid an richly detailed memory in response to personal

or public events that have great emotional significance.

人们对个体或群体有重要情感的重大事件的更鲜活、丰富、详细的记忆

Chapter8

ive process 认知过程 one of the higher mental processes, such as perception, memory,

language, problem solving, and abstract thinking.

知觉、记忆、语言、问题解决、抽象思维等高级的心理过程

ion 认知 processes of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also

the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories.

知道的过程或知道的结果

processes 系列过程 two or more mental processes that are carried out in order, one after

the other.

顺序产生，只能一个再一个地加工

el processes 平行过程 two or more mental processes that are carried out simultaneously.

两个或多个过程同时加工

lled process 控制过程 process that requires attention; it is often difficult to carry out more

than one controlled process at a time.

需要注意的过程，很难多个同时处理

tic process 自动过程 process that does not require attention; it can often be performed

along with other tasks without interference.

不需要注意的过程，可以与其他任务一同加工

ge production 语言产出 what people say, sign, and write, as well as the processes they

go through to produce these message.

语言产出的内容、过程

ce design 听众设计 the process of shaping a message depending on the audience for

which it is intended.

根据听众的理解组织产出的信息的过程

nce 推理 missing information filled in on the basis of a sample of evidence or on the basis

of prior beliefs and theories.

语言理解时基于经验、先前的理论等对听到的信息进行进一步补充

stic relativity 语言相对性 the hypothesis that the structure of the language an individual

speaks has an impact on the way in which that individual thinks about the world.

个体语言的结构会影响到个体的思维方式的假设

m space 问题空间 the elements that make up a problem; the initial state, the incomplete

information or unsatisfactory conditions the person starts with; the goal state, the set of information

or state the person wishes to achieve; and the set of operations, the steps the person takes to

move from the initial state to the goal state.

形成问题的元素。初始状态，信息不完备，条件不满足；目标状态，希望达到的状态；操作，从初始状态到目标状态的步骤

thm 算法 a step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a particular

type of problem.

一步一步的过程，总是为某一特定类型的问题提供正确的答案

tic 启发法 cognitive strategies, or “rules of thumb,” often used as shortcuts in solving a

complex inferential task.

解决复杂问题的简易的方法

vity 创造性 the ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to

the circumstance.

能够产生既新颖又适当的观点的能力