2024年1月11日发(作者：)

吕、第一讲 汉语中介语研究的意义和价值

发现系统

进行描写 to proceed to describe

揭示规律 to promulgate the regular pattern

提出因素 to advance the factors

提出办法

优化 optimization

观察 to observe，observation

分析 to analyse

策略 a tactic

规模 dimension，scale

结合 to integrate

阶段 stage，phase， period

贡献 contribute

从事 to deal with

出身 one’s previous experience or occupation

以往 in the past

采用 to adopt, to use

产生偏误 to produce errors

所谓 what is called

作出解释

支撑 support, sustain

赖于 depend on

成果 achievement

现有 available

满足需要

试金石 a touchstone

此外 besides, in addition

激活研究 to activate the research

拓展研究 to develop, to open up the research

推进研究 to advance, to promote the research

实际 reality

提出问题

出现问题 to arise questions

迫使研究进一步 to force the research to make a further step

细化

语义 the meaning

其次 secondly，then

促使发展 to urge a development

同义 synonymous

屡屡 repeatedly

重犯错误 to repeat an error

悟出 to come to realize

突破口 gap

无疑

挑战 to give a challenge

挑战作用

促进 to promote

对教材编写的价值

评估 to estimate，to assess

评估教材

编排 layout

合理 rational， reasonable

合理教材

策略 strategy

依据规律 in accordance with the rules

自身 self

交际功能 communication ability

语用 pragmatics

语言形式 the form of the language

不一 to vary，to differ

繁简不一

而已 nothing more

语言项目 language items

扩展 to expand

认知活动 cognitive activities

探索规律

遵循 to act up to

遵循由易到难

循序 in proper order or sequence

原则 principles

渐进 progress step by step

循序渐进

难度系数 coefficient of difficulty

粗疏 careless， inattentive

粗疏现象

准确现象 accurate phenomenon

大纲分级

大纲排序

缺乏 to be short of

统计数据 statistics data

制订 to set up

制订大纲

编写教材 the written teaching material

相应 to correspond

正确率

偏误率

提供参考 to provide reference materials

句型 a sentence pattern

分析 to analyse， analysis

制约 to govern， to condition

频率 frequency

使用频率

干扰 to interfere， interference

干扰睡眠 干扰谁

干扰性

发展性

延续to continue

延续时间

对立 in opposing

意识的生成 consciousness-raising

规则的内化 internalization of rules

均 even

替代 to substitute

不可替代

有效 effective，valid

更为 more

大致 about

分为 divided by

路径 a path，a way

二语习得路径

善于 to be good at

点拨 to teach，instruct，investigate

普遍 common， widespread

带普遍性的错误

给以改正 to give a correction

以 because of

起到 to lead to

事半功倍 to yield twice the result with half the effort

讲解 to explain

使用条件 the conditions that are suitable for use

限制条件

简捷

浅明 simple and clear

感性 perceptual， easy to understand

条理 method

感性条理

图示 to indicate by pictures

处理 process

教学处理

浅显 easy to read and understand，obvious

语言浅显

术语 terminology，technical expression

大战 large-scale

类比 analogy

客观经验

由于 thanks to, because of

编码 a code, to encode

倾向于 to be inclined to, tendency

范畴 a category

区别 difference，to differentiate

辨认 to recognize， to identify

区别经验 辨认经验

往往 often，everywhere

忽略 to neglect，to ignore

经历 experience， to go through

自主 autonomous

证据 evidence， testimony

恰当 suitable，appropriate

理据 motivation

必要 necessary，essential

演绎 deduction

推论 inference

属于 to belong to

错误 mistake

偏误 error

语言体系

进行判断 to determine， to judge

进行归纳 to arrive to a conclusion

试图 to try，to attempt

规范 standard

充分 adequate，adequately

负面 reverse side， negative side

作用 action，function，effect， influence

利用作用

激活 to activate

晴雨表 barometer

路标 route mark

合理的评价 a reasonable evaluation

提高信心

掌握目的语

肤浅 superficial

掌握肤浅

纠正 to correct

详细解释

示意 to give a sign

传递 to transmit，to communicate

尽量 as far as possible

模仿 to imitate

巩固 to consolidate

形成系统

给予纠正

及时 timely

完整概念

较为 a little，comparatively

对规则形成体系

点到为止 to go through the motions，fare qualcosa in maniera meccanica

无须 not necessary

作解释

石化 fossilization

情感 emotion

反馈 feedback

肯定的情感反馈 positive affective feedback

否定的认知反馈 negative cognitive feedback

Cognitive feedback is when teachers (or anybody) display signs that they understand what a learner is trying to communicate. Essentially, the listener

is signalling, "I understand." or "I don't understand." Positive cognitive feedback sometimes has a negative consequence: learners make mistakes, but

because they are understood, they don't change their language habits. This can result in fossilization of errors. Therefore, some error correction may

be necessary, but too much will lower self-esteem and raise learners' affective filters. There are no hard rules, but teachers will eventually develop

intuition on when correction is necessary. Cognitive feedback can be contrasted with affective feedback.

Affective feedback is when teachers (or anybody) display signs about how interested they are in trying to understand the student. These signs come in

the form of gestures, facial expressions, and intonations. Positive affective feedback will encourage the learner to continue even if it is clear that the

listener cannot fully understand. Negative affective feedback will stop a learner from speaking entirely and raise their affective filter.

鼓励 to encourage

导致 to cause，to bring about

焦虑感 anxiety

强调 to emphasize，to insist on

利于 to be beneficial to

交谈 peer talk

输入 importation

框架 a framework

及其 and

弱项 weak item

针对 direct，to be directed against，in connection with

调整 to adjust，to regulate

重点 main points

调整重点

特征 characteristics

语言变异 language variations

互动 interaction， to interact

动机 motive，intention

语言迁移 language transfer

尚未 not yet

过度能力 transitional competence

Jack C. Richards (1971) refers to the learner’s competence at a particular time, as the transitional competence. He says that the learner’s competence

at a particular stage is full of what he calls as intralingua or developmental errors. These errors illustrate some of the characteristics of language

acquisition. The learner’s competence is transitional because it keeps changing as long as the learner tries to improve his competence. If he stops

learning his competence at a particular stage becomes his final grammatical competence.

渐进系统 approximative system

Illiam Nemser (1971) employs the term ‘Approximative system’ to identify a learner’s linguistic system which is distinct from his mother tongue and

the target language he is attempting to learn. Here by the term ‘approximative’ he means that the learner is progressing towards the target language

and his system is developmental in nature. The term system implies that he is using a set of rules and hence his language is not a random.

个体方言的概念 idiosyncratic dialect

Pit Corder (1967) suggested that linguistics should study the process of second and foreign language acquisition and the various strategies learners

may use. Since then he has contributed a number of articles wherein he discusses the nature of the learners’ language. He calls the learners’ language

as their idiosyncratic dialect. Pit Corder (1971) says that this dialect of the learners is (1) regular, (2) systematic and (3) meaningful.

认可 to approve，to accept

被普遍认可

确立 to establish firmly

确立地位

学术 science

学术地位

主体 principal body， subject

客体 object

过渡 transition

动态 dynamics，development

定义 definition

静态 a static state

横向 transverse， lateral

本质 nature，essence

多变 changeable

中介语知识内部系统 internal system

横向构建的语言系统 product of interlanguage

中介语知识系统的连续体 interlanguage continuum

纵向 longitudinal，vertical

纵向的发展阶段 process of interlanguage

验证 experimental verification

调整 regulate

修订 revise

修订规律

原有 original

重组 recombination

创立过程

样本 a sample book

收集 collect

语料 corpus

范围 range， ambits

大规模 large scale，extensive，on a large scale

个案 case

叙述 statement

诱导 to guide

鉴别 discriminate，differentiate

区分 distinguish

显性偏误

隐性偏误

表层 a surface layer

相关 to be related

究竟 after all， the ways

频率 frequency

广度 range

局部偏误 partial errors

纠正 rectify

自主 autonomous

证据 proof，evidence

测量 survey

推断 infer，extrapolate

潜藏 underlie，hide

建构 construct

过渡概括 overgeneralization

内隐 implicit

时间的推移 evolution of the time

修正系统

推论 inference

输入 input

兼而有之 simultaneously

组合 combination

模式 pattern，model

变异 variation

内省 nei1xing3 introspection

测试 survey

处理 handle

定量 quantification

定性 quality

细致 detailed

排除 eliminate，get rid of

全面 overall

寻根 seek one’s roots

横切 transverse

轨迹 track

发展轨迹

程序 form，pattern，formula